The Triumph Of Seretse Khama And His Nation - 924 Words

Williams, A S. Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation., 2007. A.S Williams, Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation London 1945 speaks of his experience in Africa. He is the heir to the largest tribe of Bechuanaland (later Botswana). He returns from Britain with an Englishwoman Ruth Williams. They both have to face the horrible rules and laws of colonial power that tries to prevent their marriage. In the book Serets encourages Africans to record their history for it is part of their soul. The book was chosen because he is one of the African leaders who are calling for written accounts of Africa’s history. His story exposes the ignorance and arrogance that are still excisting in twentierth-century African societies. These ignorance and arrogance are actively suppressing the continent’s growth and dividing the nations.Using the data collected from this book will awaken the reader the suppressing of African freedom by European rules that is still present on the continent. Ben-Jochannan, Yosef, and John Henrik Clarke. 1991. New dimensions in African history: the London lectures of Dr. Yosef ben-Jochannan and Dr. John Henrik Clarke. As much as one would like to believe European traditional accounts of African history by Dr. David Livingston, Scottish explorer Mungo Park and Henry Morton Stanley, research by scholars such as the African-American writer and historian Dr. Yosef ben-Jochannan. I selected Dr. ben-Jochannan because his work

Sonnet 73 Metaphors - 1165 Words

In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 73,† the speaker claims that through recognizing life’s brevity, love can be made stronger, and more permanent, by learning to appreciate the limited time each person has left. Shakespeare establishes this argument by developing three metaphors comparing a succinct amount of time to life. The first metaphor compares the seasons of a year to stages of life. The second quatrain contains the next metaphor comparing the sun’s journey across the sky to the speaker’s lifetime. And the final metaphor, found in the third quatrain, compares the glow of a fire to a lifetime. Shakespeare’s choice of applying shorter periods of time being compared to the speaker’s lifetime emphasizes the brevity of a person’s life. In†¦show more content†¦The tone strengthens the metaphor in this quatrain through adding emphasis that the speaker is still reminiscing about what he has lost and has yet to look towards what the future holds. The speaker starts the second quatrain, again, telling the listener to witness in him the approach of old age. The extended metaphor in the second quatrain compares the suns journey across the sky to the speaker’s lifetime. The speaker tells the listener that they can see â€Å"the twilight of such day, as after sunset fadeth in the west†, or the aging of the speaker after the brightness and energy of his youth have started to fade just like the sun does as it approaches the end of its journey. The speaker continues with â€Å"which by and by black night doth take away†, â€Å"black night† signifying old age taking away what little remains of the speaker’s youthfulness, and the eventual passing away of the speaker. A shift in tone occurs here from somber to one of forlorn as the speaker recognises that he will eventually die. The speaker finishes the metaphor by explicitly saying the dark of night represents â€Å"Death’s second self, that s eals all up in rest.† Night in the metaphor seals up all in eternal rest through death. The rhyme between â€Å"day† and â€Å"away† draws attention to the number of days the speaker has left are diminishing. The image of the diminishing number of days builds on the depressed tone already expressed in the quatrain by emphasizing the certainty ofShow MoreRelated Essay on Metaphors for Death in Shakespeares Sonnet 73543 Words   |  3 PagesMetaphors for Death in Shakespeares Sonnet 73 William Shakespeares Sonnet 73: That Time of Year Thou Mayest in Me Behold is a sonnet that examines the fears and anxieties that surround growing old and dying -- a topic that resonates within us all. Shakespeares use of metaphor to illustrate decay and passing are striking, and sets a somber tone throughout. He uses the season of Fall, the coming of night, and the burning out of a flame as metaphors for old age and death, and then uses theRead MoreThe Time Of Year By Shakespeare761 Words   |  4 Pagesof Year,† is one of the many sonnets that Shakespeare wrote. It is also known as â€Å"Sonnet 73†. â€Å"In Western literary traditions, sonnets have played an important role because of the works of authors such as Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) and William Shakespeare,† (Weagly, 2016). â€Å"The Time of Year† (Sonnet 73) by William Shakespeare, conveys the theme that the idea of losing someone could create a stronger feeling of love while they are living h ere on Earth. All sonnets are written in a specific patternRead MoreEssay on Nature in Shakespeares Sonnets1731 Words   |  7 PagesNature in Shakespeare’s Sonnets In Shakespeare’s fair youth Sonnets, the speaker uses imagery and metaphors from nature to describe man’s life cycle. While reading the Sonnets, it may seem at first that the main point of the Sonnets is that life’s purpose is to reproduce. However, after reading the fair youth Sonnets, it becomes clear that imagery from nature is used to prove that death is inevitable and should be accepted. The fair youth Sonnets are ordered in a specific way to resemble theRead More Metaphorically Speaking – Sonnet 73 Essays857 Words   |  4 PagesSpeaking – Sonnet 73  Ã‚      Love is a blanket of bright and colorful flowers that covers a beautifully rolling meadow on a breezy summer day. Similar metaphorical images appear in many famous poems including Shakespeares Sonnet 73. The metaphor is the most basic device poets use to convey meanings beyond literal speech (Guth 473). Shakespeares use of metaphors in this sonnet conveys his theme of the inescapable aging process. Shakespeare establishes and extends a metaphor that illuminatesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 73902 Words   |  4 Pagesin me behold† (Sonnet 73) The sonnet, originating in Italy, was formed by Francesco Petrarch. The Petrarchan sonnet, originally consisting of two quatrains and a couplet, was soon brought to England where William Shakespeare took an interest in this unknown form of poetry. Shakespeare revised the sonnet so it consisted of three quatrains with the rhyming scheme of â€Å"abab cdcd efef† and a rhyming couplet at the end. This revised sonnet was then referred to as a Shakespearean sonnet. Shakespeare wroteRead More The Death of Creative Power in Sonnet 73 Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe Death of Creative Power in Sonnet 73nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Most of the 127 sonnets Shakespeare wrote to one of his close male friends are united by the theme of the overwhelming, destructive power of time, and the counterbalancing power of love and poetry to create and preserve beauty. Sonnet 73 is no different, but it does present an intriguing twist on this theme. Most of these sonnets address the youth and beauty of his male friend, as well asRead More Essay on Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73799 Words   |  4 PagesInterpretation of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73 nbsp; Sonnet 73 is a meditation on mortality, and yet it can be interpreted in a number of ways. The first such interpretation is that the author of the poem is speaking to someone else about his own death that will inevitably come in the future. This interpretation has the poem focused on the author, and his focus and concern over himself. This makes him seem very selfish, because we are all going to die sooner or later, and it does not do any goodRead MoreExplication Of Sonnet 731713 Words   |  7 Pageswell known writer in the British literary community and his pieces are still read and enjoyed today. Shakespeare is also known to have written a collection of poems which are sonnets. This essay will consist of a close reading to William Shakespeare’s sonnet 73 which deals with the theme of life, death and aging. The sonnet constructs a complex idea that the themes of life and death can be connected together. The poem contains three quatrains and one couplet. The poem has an iambic pentameter andRead MoreSonnet 73 And A Valediction : Forbidding Mourning1647 Words   |  7 PagesSonnet 73 and A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning explores the ideas regarding love and the death, although, it can be argued, that these ideas are portrayed in different ways. Sonnet 73 exhibits the notion of death through the natural act of ageing. As well as, highlighting death through ageing, Shakespeare highlights death through pastoral elements such as seasons of the year. However, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning puts forth the idea regarding love through figurative language, metaphors andRead MoreEssay on The Sonnet Genre Combining with Figurative Language1904 Words   |  8 PagesThe Sonnet Genre Combining with Figurative Language Compare how the conventions of the sonnet genre combine with figurative language to create meaning in at least two texts. Originating in Italy, the sonnet was established by Petrarch in the 14th century as a major form of love poetry, and came to be adopted in England in the 16th century (Oxford Literary terms). Overtime there have been different types of sonnets written, for example the Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet, the English (Shakespearean)

Discuss the evolution of United States foreign policy from 1919 to 1962 free essay sample

From WWI to the Cold War, the period from 1919 to 1962 is one that is packed with conflict. However, the US’s response to conflict wasn’t always the same. There was a progressive evolution from Isolationism to Interventionism in American foreign policy in the twentieth century in the name of international peace. Shortly after the capitulation of Germany at the end of WWI, Wilson, then president of the United States proposed the fourteen points, a document that would heavily influence the Treaty of Versailles and the creation of the League of Nations, the first international system to have been put into place. However, Wilson did not have the consent of the then Republican dominated senate, which refused to join the League of Nations, therefore rendering it useless. This is first and foremost the prime example of American Isolationism during the 20th century. Following WWI, the US refused to take place in international affairs and desired to remain a neutral state, isolated from European and Asian affairs and conflicts. Furthermore, FDR’s good neighbor policy offers a strong isolationist stance with Latin America, in attempts to clear its past of interventionism and open new trading routes and alliances. It is questionable, though, whether this stance was true isolationism. While the US may have wanted to stay out of direct political affiliations, and created policies such as the â€Å"good neighbor policy†, it still had strong economic interests as well as diplomatic influence over Europe, with the intention of keeping international peace. The Washington Naval Conference of 1922, held in Washington D.C, was hosted in the goals of achieving major naval disarmament. The world’s nine major powers: United States, Britain, China, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal with the exception of the USSR met from November of 1921 to February of 1922 to discuss the major foreign policy in the 1920s: disarmament. Although widely regarded as a successful international disarmament movement, this shows that the US’s isolationism policy wasn’t fully isolationist. Furthermore, the US also had economic involvement during the 1920s with the Dawes plan of 1924, another US-lead conference this time in order to ease and reduce the reparation costs of Germany due to WWI. This plan was put in place to ease Germany’s way back into economic stability and thus reduce the chance of a political breakdown. These plans, while not promoting American engagement and involvement in any present or future conflicts still place the US in a major role of international diplomacy, role which will continue to increase as new threats arise. With the arrival of two big threats to freedom, the US changes its policy from pseudo-isolationism to open neutrality as the conflict becomes inevitable. In addition to the ever growing threat of Hitler, in 1933, the US finally diplomatically recognizes the USSR. Although during this period of Great Depression Americans wanted to focus on domestic policy and fixing the crisis rather than wage another overseas battle, FDR could not turn a blind eye on the issues in Europe. The neutrality acts of 1935, 1936 and 1937 are the example that the world knows war is inevitable, and are the preventive measures the US are taking in order to remain neutral. They state that the US shall not undergo with arms shipment once the war breaks out, and that it shall not loan money to belligerent countries. During the bloody Spanish Civil War in 1937, the US also remained neutral and refused to intervene, creating the third and previously mentioned Neutrality act of 1937. Also in 1937, the US continues to maintain its neutral stance when China is invaded by Japan, and while the US sympathizes with China, it does not intervene. The change from the neutral stance back to the interventionist stance in foreign policy occurs gradually over the course of WWII. As the horrors of WWII become more and more known to the public, there is a change is public opinion trending more and more towards helping Europe. FDR relentlessly tries to pass new legislature like the Lend-Lease program in order to help and supply allies with food and arms, while still technically remaining neutral as in on the side lines. The US gave a total of over $50Billion dollars over the course of the war to help the Allies fight off the Nazi and Japanese threat. The turning point of US foreign policy in the 20th century is certainly the attack on Pearl Harbor, which occurred on December 7th 1941. This single event changed the course of WWII and of history as it became the turning point in which the US decided to enter the War. The US entered the War in the end of 1941, and contributed to the victory of the Allied forces in 1945. With Nazi Germany gone, the US’ primary rival was the USSR. To fight the communist block and the spread of communism itself, the US adopted an aggressive interventionist policy all around. It, along with most of the trans-Atlantic region sign the NATO treaty in 1949, successfully forming an alliance primarily made to counter the USSR. An attack against any member of the treaty would be considered an attack against them all. While this is a method of attaining peace via fear of retaliation, it is no less of an aggressive measure taken against any potential aggressors. During the 50s all the way to the end of the Cold War, the US took a stance against the spread of communism. The US containment policy was made in response to the Red Scare that happened inside the country and in the non-communist world. The US saw communists and communism as a whole as a threat to the freedom and liberty in the world. To defend those values, and contain communism around the world, the US intervened in many proxy wars. The Korean War raged from 1950 to 1953 and was the first engagement of the cold war. It’s a prime example on how the US tried to contain communism to the Russian block and tried to keep it from spreading into Asia. Sadly, it was unsuccessful in doing so and North Korean is still communist as of Today. The Eisenhower doctrine in 1957, which stated that the US would use armed forces upon request of imminent or actual aggression, also shows that it was ready to intervene whenever a government was threatened to be overthrown by communist insurgents. The US has had different approaches and stances with its foreign policy along the 20th century, evolving from isolationism to full scale interventionism.

The pride of the nation free essay sample

. ( Celebrated Peoples of Russia ) . Much was done by people to make the present province of human development. It is necessary to state that great part to the development of the universe scientific discipline and civilization, literature, music and picture was made by the Russian people. The names of Russian scientists and authors, poets, composers and painters are world-famous-Pushkin, Lermontov, Chehov, Levitan. This concatenation can be endless. It is about impossible to call a subdivision of scientific discipline in the development of which the Russian scientists haven # 8217 ; t played the greatest function. Lomonosov, the laminitis of the Moscow University was an outstanding pioneer both in the humanistic disciplines and scientific disciplines. Mendeleev # 8217 ; s greatest find was the Periodic System of Elements. Popov invented wireless. Sechenov and Pavlov were the universe # 8217 ; s greatest physiologists. Russia is justly called the female parent of air power and cosmounatics. Name callings of Tsiolkovsk y, Korolov and Gagarin are symbols of new infinite epoch. We will write a custom essay sample on The pride of the nation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Peoples in many states admire pictures, portrayals and landscapes Surikov, Levitan, Repin works of our Russian writes and poets are translated into many linguistic communications. I want to state about one of the greatest Russians. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, an outstanding Russian composer, was born in Votkinsk in 1840. He was fond of music since his early childhood. His female parent sang him beautiful vocals and taught him to play the piano. He graduated from the Petersburg Conservatoire merely in 1866 because of his hapless life conditions. He was the best student of Anton Rubinstein. Wen the Moscow Conservatoire was founded Pyotr Ilyich became a professor at that place. He created fantastic music: 10 operas, 3 concert dances, 6 symphonic musics, 7 big symphonic verse forms and many other musical pieces. # 171 ; Eugene Onegin # 187 ; , a new type of opera, was a great success all over the universe # 171 ; His Swan Lake # 187 ; , # 171 ; The Nutckracker # 187 ; , # 171 ; The Sleeping Beauty are musical chef-doeuvres. In his music he used common people tunes for the musical descriptions of Russian nature and life. His composings are full of realist.

An Understanding of Creating and Managing Products or services is essential for effective marketing

An Understanding of Creating and Managing Products or services is essential for effective marketing Abstract Marketing is an extensive process that involves quite a lot of activities. In this diverse field, one is required to do a lot of research on the destined market, sell some products or perform some services to clients, promote their products and services through different means like advertising which at the end of the day helps in the promotion of the sales activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on An Understanding of Creating and Managing Products or services is essential for effective marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the field of marketing, strategies have to be developed which aid in communication, technique improvement, and for the eventual development of the business. In this conglomeration of activities which form the field of marketing, the company creates a face which it uses to keep in good relationship with the most essential part of the business, the customer. This paper seeks to dwe ll into the field of marketing with a lot of weight behind creation and management of products as one of the essential tools for effective marketing. The paper will first introduce the concept of marketing theoretically looking into the main models of this field and then establish the extensiveness of this concept to the impact it has on the customer. The paper will conclude with a simple study sample of how the values learnt in the body of the paper can be established in a real life situation. Introduction In marketing, one is supposed to keep value on the customer in various ways, identity of the right person, satisfaction to the customer, and maintenance of the customer. In order for any business venture to stay profitable in whatever it is engaging in, they have to then shift they focus from mainly production to the needs of the customers. In this manner, this paper seems to imply that the production sector should not be halted but should be oriented towards the needs of the peo ple to whom that production is aimed at. The concept of marketing has it that in order to achieve the goals and needs of any organization, one has to know what the target customer base or the target market requires such that he/she or the company is able to deliver the required product in accordance to the needs of that customer at any one time in order to satisfy the customers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the same concept, for the company to be able to meets its targets as they might have been outlined in the mission and objectives, it should mostly consider the needs of the customer more than it would look into the competitive market. If the company was to focus on the above discussed criteria then the question at hand gets answered; an understanding of creating and managing products is indeed essential for effective marketing1. There are many models and a pproaches today that are applied by different organizations in marketing their products. Depending on the approach or the model that a company employs, eventual effectiveness in marketing is determined and thus determines the profitability of the company. In all these dimensions, the most important aspect is the achievement of marketing effectiveness. Marketing effectiveness is chiefly concerned with optimization of the expenditure in a bid to improve the returns. In marketing effectiveness, there are four dimensions which help in ensuring its effectiveness. The corporate body determines the bounds within which the market operates. Competition helps the marketers to consider offering products that would augur well into the wants of the consumers. The decisions that customers make and put in place as they consider going on with their purchases are very important in any market situation. It is due to this that the business values the quality of the product during its creation and deve lopment in order to suit what the customer requires. Other factors that may affect the marketing departments are those without the control of the business which can vary from geographic and climatic conditions, political and economic stability and government decisions and taxes. Product management is the cycle within a certain organization or a company that is concerned with the planning on the product, marketing of the product and market forecasting. This edge has a lot of activities involved within it which need to have keen strategies and tactics depending on the nature of the company. As a part of marketing among other arms of the business organization, knowledge in this field is critical in determining the effectiveness of the marketing team. Product management, when compared to product marketing, happens to be two different things but they interrelate with each other in a number of ways.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on An Understanding of Creating and Managing Products or services is essential for effective marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They all have a focus on the maximization of profits and also the market share. Product management has a grass root which is focused on product creation. When the two interrelate, then the company can be focused on the likely effectiveness of the market2. Models of management Before grasping the concept and getting into the models which can be applied to product management for the enhancement of marketing effectiveness, the paper will look into the disciplines involved in product management. Majorly, the field has planning of the product and marketing of the product. Planning of the product is a dynamic process that identifies and articulates the requirements in the market that define how the product will be or the features of the product. Marketing of the product is outbound. It seeks to establish to the populace that a certain product is th ere and gives its features so that the people can get involved interested in the product3. One of the marketing models that is constantly applied by different organizations in their strategies is the 4P’s strategy. This strategy is also known as the marketing mix model. The model is mostly applied by marketers in various areas in order to assist them in their marketing strategy. In this model the marketing managers try they best that they can to try and put together 4, 5 or 7 variables in a way that is optimum and aimed at achieving the optimum objectives. The variables that are used in the marketing mix model are controllable. This entails that the strategy or the marketing mix model can be adjusted frequently such that it meets the ever changing requirements of the target customer base and also some other changing things in the marketing environment which can be referred to as marketing dynamics. In the 4P’s model, the major issue is the product. In the olden days, i t was assumed that once a product is good, it is bound to sell itself. The difference between now and then is the fact that manufacturers have become keen and products are becoming better with days bringing along a stiff competition. Still on the same issue, legislations have been put in place that have given the customer a right to having a Good product and thus once he/she perceives that a certain product is not good, the product can be returned. It is thus the purpose of the organizations to ensure that the products that they create and supply to the customers are good and satisfies the needs of the customer.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, there is the price option. One should take into consideration the amount that the customer is willing to produce for the particular good. Companies should therefore be very keen on pricing and incentives like discounts and offers. The place where the product is available comes into place also. Availability of any good is the most important thing. Promotion also plays a very big role in today’s market world. In this realm the market groups must be well informed about the organization and more so the products that the organization offers. This model can thus be seen to be having two very crucial benefits which include satisfaction of the customer and also the maximization of the performance of the organization4. Applying the right marketing mix comes up with an extra model which can be termed as strategic marketing and tactical marketing. As discussed earlier, marketing and selling are two very different approaches to a product. In marketing, there has to be identific ation, anticipation and meeting of the customer’s requirements in such a way that the organization will remain at a profit. Of most importance in this area is the research that is done or in this case, the market research. It is a crucial step in that it leads to creation of the right product. For the process to be successful, then the right mix has to be applied. In this case, the previous model is applied where one gets the right product from the right place at the right price. The model in discussion from the previous paragraph operates mainly in two levels; strategy and tactics. The strategic part is mainly concerned with the long term choices that have an impact on the organization in its entirety. In this realm, marketing is visualized as the backbone of the company or the organization. This makes all the concerned parties in that organization get responsible and focus on meeting the needs and requirements of its customers both externally and internally. Tactical market ing helps in the right application of the marketing mix. In other words, it is the right application of the marketing mix. While trying to apply the right market mix, all the activities outlined in the previous model are put in place. When the conditions discussed are met, focus is shifted from selling of the product to marketing which eventually leads to buying of the product by the customers. Analysis According to the arguments which have been put across in the discussions above, it is clearly evident that marketing revolves around two main entities; the product and the customer. In practice the customer or the consumer of any product is concerned with the value of the product. The consumer is interconnected with the product primarily due to the need of the consumer to purchase the product in the first place. If the company does not offer the expected value to the customer, it is highly likely that the customer will not get back to the same stalls due to dissatisfaction. It is thu s important that the customer gets the right value for the purchase made. Before dwelling deeper into this topic, it is important to know what the meaning behind the term value? Popularly, many people have taken value to be a low price. On the other hand value is an attribute that has a certain set of features. The features are then followed by benefits by the product that has been purchased, and also the psychological and the service benefits that a marketer offers due to the need of the customer to buy a certain product and thus use their money in such an endeavor. It can thus be clearly put across that value is a direct association between the product’s price and the customer. Depending on how the customer perceives this question, a product can be taken to be of a high value or of a low value. Practically, there is no measure of value. It all depends on the customer and the needs of the customer and the satisfaction that the purchase brings along with him. People perceive things in different ways and thus value to them comes in differently. As an example, two people might want to buy shoes. One of them is willing to buy a shoe directly from Adidas whilst the second one might be requiring the same shoe but from a second hand store. Despite the similarity in the make and the difference in usage and of course the price, both the people might perceive the end products to be either of high value or of low value5. This hence seems to justify the argument that when the segments are combined differently, them there lies a different combination in value. The perception of value to this person who can afford the second hand shoe is very different from the perception of value from the person who wants to get the product directly from the manufacturer. A low end person as per the example posed before will probably be concerned with the functionality of the product he is purchasing, the price and maybe the design. The other person is seeking to fulfill his person al expression, the outlet retailing to him and maybe after-sales-service. Some other factor that may determine the value of the product is the psychological implications that the product comes along with. Risk is one of the factors that affect the psychology of the consumer and it is possible to find most people choosing a brand that has been renown over time so as to feel safe with their purchases. Perception of value When trying to market any product to a person or to a group or set of consumers, it is good to consider what the consumer perceives to be value. When such a matter is put in focus, some attributes of the product may even not be necessary to the target person as it depends on his/her perception. To some people, affordability may mean a huge deal to them but to some people; it might not be anything but control over the product matters. Taking an example of a product which is packed in small packages or in bigger packages for usage at home, there are those people who wil l prefer the sale package as they will be able to manage usage of the product as much as they can afford the bigger packages. In such a case, value to the person is not the price but the size. The smaller package is more valuable as it will be easier for him to manage than the bigger package which will be a bit hard to manage. To some people, value is depicted by the price. Some people might fear visiting exclusive places due to fear of high costs which might not be the case as it all arises from the fear that the offer might prove to be a little too expensive for them. If a way was found to prove to the consumer that the price is not as expected, then there is a high likelihood that the consumer will try to accept value. From the above examples, it is evident that different people perceive value differently and it is upon the organization to create that link which connects the product to the target. This can simply be done using the marketing mix method through the application prom otion. Promotion carries along with it the aspects of understanding the organization as well as the product and bringing it closer to the target consumers. This can be enhanced through a variety of ways like advertising, offering and other incentives which tend to pull the end user closer to the product specifications and thus value6. In creating this link, the organization will have respected the needs of the customers that it holds. Following up the link creation from the beginning of this paper the following points hold up; effectiveness in marketing is found once the customer is satisfied with the value. To reach the right value, the marketing mix strategy is applied after a thorough research. The right product hence gets created and through proper management, the customers get the right value for their purchase and thus effectiveness in the whole process. Conclusion This part seeks to study a company which has applied this strategy in marketing its product. Procter and Gamble i s a German company that supplies consumer products. It majors in pharmaceuticals, personal care, cleaning paraphernalia and more. In the recent past, the company was forced to restructure its packaging to modes that were friendlier to the environment. The reason for this was due to some emerging and increase in resistance from the consumers who demanded that the products had to be friendlier to the environment. Consumers were pushing for an environmental friendly product and so the only way that the company would stay safe was by respecting the decision of the customer. Arguing from the basis of the discussed aspects, organizations need to be aware of the needs of the consumers. With this knowledge, they can then be able to create products which will be meaningful to the customers and thus be profitable to the organization. After creating the right product, proper management of the product should follow which will cement the factor of effective marketing. In the case of Procter and Gamble, they discovered what the consumer wanted and went ahead to create it. After, this, proper management of the product led to the effectiveness in the market. Without this knowledge, the company would probably have gone so down in business today. References Andreasen, R. Marketing Social Change, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1995, pp 100-232. Berger, P. and Nasr, N., ‘Customer lifetime value: marketing models and applications’ journal of interactive marketing, 12(1); 17-30. Blattberg, R., and Deighton, J., ‘Manage marketing by the customer equity’, Havard Business Review, July-August, 1996, 136-144. Day, G., ‘A two dimensional concept of Brand loyalty’, Journal of Marketing Research, 2(2), 29-35. Kumar, R. The power of managing value, The Hindu Business Line, 2003, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300140400.htm Walsh, D. et al., â€Å"Social Marketing for Public Health,† Health Affairs , Summer, 1993, 104-119.7 Footnotes 1 Andreasen, R. Marketing Social Change, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1995, pp 100-232. 2 Day, G., ‘A two dimensional concept of Brand loyalty’, Journal of Marketing Research, 2(2), 29-35. 3 Blattberg, R., and Deighton, J., ‘Manage marketing by the customer equity’, Havard Business Review, July-August, 1996, 136-144. 4 Walsh, D. et al., â€Å"Social Marketing for Public Health,† Health Affairs, Summer, 1993, 104-119. 5 Kumar, R. The power of managing value, The Hindu Business Line, 2003, 6 Berger, P. and Nasr, N., ‘Customer lifetime value: marketing models and applications’ journal of interactive marketing, 12(1); 17-30

Thomas Becket Paper

Thomas Becket Paper Thomas Becket Paper Thomas Becket’s murder was extremely influential to modern Britain, as we know it today. Becket’s murder had effects on both Canterbury as well as England as a whole. Thomas Becket was born in 1118 in a rather wealthy family, his father now an English merchant, had previous been sheriff in London. He was highly educated due to his family’s monetary status even going to study law in Paris before joining the house of Theobald the archbishop of Canterbury at that time. In 1154, Becket became close friends with the king Henry II who then appointed him as chancellor. In 1161, following Theobald’s death, Henry II saw an opportunity to extend his power in England. While acting as chancellor Becket had always acted upon Henry II’s will, Henry expected this would continue if he appointed Becket to Archbishop of Canterbury, the highest position in the church beneath the pope himself. While Theobald had always taken the view that the Church and the Crown should co-operate, Henry did not agree with this practice. Henry petitioned the pope who agreed, so Becket was ordained as a Bishop and then made Archbishop of Canterbury. Henry II would not be happy for long though, while Becket had always conceded as a pawn in the past as chancellor he took his new position in the church extremely seriously, even rejecting the luxuries and wealth that came with the position and passing them on to others. In 1163, the church court acquitted Canon whom had been accused of the murder of a knight. The public cried out for justice and the Canon was then brought to the royal court. Becket protested this because the Canon had already been tried and this undermined the Church’s authority. Henry proposed that clergy convicted of serious crimes in the church court should be â€Å"deprived the protection of the church† and sent to the royal court for punishment, although once again this undermined the entire idea of clerical immunity. Henry II then proposed the Constitutions of Clarendon, a list of 16 clauses that defined the relationship between the royal court and the church court. The bishops refused to sign be fore Becket agreed to sign only to then fast himself and publicly repent his oath, infuriating Henry II. Fearing for his life, Becket fled to France for the next six years until his return in 1170. Becket once again infuriated Henry II by excommunicating the Archbishop of York, which led Henry II to scream, â€Å"Will no one rid me of this troublesome priest?† Four knights traveled to Canterbury in an attempt to force Becket to return with them to face Henry II, although he refused. The following morning they attempted to drag him out of Canterbury Cathedral during mass at which he received a blow to the head before they finally murdered him with their swords. Becket’s death paved the way for reconciliation between the King and the Church. In

Strategics management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategics management - Essay Example The ten schools of thought model from Mintzberg et. al. (1998) is a framework that can be used to categorize the field of Strategic Management. These schools are classified as: Design, Planning, Positioning, entrepreneurial, cognitive, learning, power, cultural, environmental and configuration. The Sony Scenario presents a management overhaul problem and re-structuring of the organization to meet the cultural environment needed for the future. For these the following schools of strategic thought will be directly related (Aguilar, 1967): The Design School: This school sees strategy formation as a process of conception. The approach used by this school is clear and unique, where strategies are formulated in a deliberate process. In this process, the internal situation of the organization is matched to the external situation of the environment. The Positioning School: This school sees strategy formation as an analytical process. The approach used by this strategic thought is that it places the business within the context its industry, and looks at how the organization can improve its strategic positioning within that industry. The Entrepreneurial School: This school sees strategy formation as a visionary process. The visionary process takes place within the mind of the charismatic founder or leader of an organization. The school stresses the most innate of mental states and processes- intuition, judgment, wisdom, experience, and insight.

Business LAw 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business LAw 2 - Assignment Example Introduction General partnership is a business organization in which two or more persons come together to form a business with the aim of realizing profits. In opting for this form of business organization, we considered several factors in the formation of businesses and opted for this form of business given the several flexibility associated with the business. These include; during the formation of the business, the legal requirements are not tedious and lengthy (Dobson, & Stokes, 2008). One undergoes few legal formalities and the business will be granted the permission to legal exist as opposed to other forms of business organization like the limited companies. In the partnership, the partners are directly involved in the daily running of the business and have the opportunity to acclimatize with the requirement of the business and ensure efficient and smooth running of the business (Fletcher, 2002). In addition to these, there are also different expertise brought together in runnin g of the business hence specialization and division of labor. Policies of the Company during Formation During the formation of the company (partnership), we will have to form the reference policies that will be used for the daily running of the business. ... In this sense, the profit or losses realized in the business will be shared according to the assets and capita contributed during the formation of the business. II. Division of Duty and Responsibilities The duties in the partnership will be equally divided given the number of the partners in the business. In the business, there will be no dormant partner and expenditures incurred following outsourced labor will be considered liabilities of the partners of the business (Gage, 2004). III. Dissolution of the partnership Partnership will be in existence until such a time that the following hypothetical situations stipulated in this agreement realized; death of a partner, when the business run into bankruptcy, and when declared by court of law as engaging in unscrupulous business (Hall, 1984). During the dissolution f the partnership, the business assets and the profit or losses will be shared according to the stipulation given by the clause describing Capital and profit sharing. IV. Inco rporation of the new Partners The partnership will remain open for the incorporation of new partnership given they make asset and capital contribution equivalent to those already in the business. The contribution of each partner will be proportionately be determined and profit and losses shared according to the proportion made in the contribution (Lowe, 1999). Policies on the Breach of sale and Purchase of Products In the partnership business and just like any other business, there are sales and purchase of products. These operations in the business require that certain terms and conditions be made and the parties have to adhere to them, failure to

Modern Graphic Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern Graphic Design - Assignment Example The Arts and Craft movement advocated for economic and social reforms in the art and graphic design sector marking the onset of globalization in art and graphic design. According to Tankard, graphic design has an extremely long history from the caves of Lascaux to Today’s time Squire. The conservative approach to arts and crafts was changed by the Arts and Crafts movement which advocated for the separation of graphic design from fine art and art from the manufacturing industry. This movement was developed first and effected in the British Isles before spreading to the rest of Europe and North America. Austria was not left out as they created their own faction called the Secession. This Austrian wing of the Arts and Crafts movement had its stronghold in Vienna, with its founders; Gustav Klimt and Rudolf von Alt taking the graphic design to America. According to Lechner and Frank, these founders and a group of sculptors, painters and architects resigned from the Association of Austrian Artists claiming that the Vienna KÃ ¼nstlerhaus was conservative and had an outmoded alignment towards historicism. Austria has been known for having some of the world’s most impressive art collections especially painting. Australian paintings like Oberes Belvedere and the Prunkstall have a wealth of gothic religious art adopted from the Middle Ages. Globalization has seen Austria adopt the American graphic design style. According to Hannam, America has been described as a good place for the development of graphic design.

Importance of Monitoring Blood Pressure

Importance of Monitoring Blood Pressure Why should we monitor high blood pressure? In this essay the reasons why we monitor high blood pressure will be discussed. In order to do this it will first be necessary to explain what blood pressure is and what we mean by high blood pressure. The implications of having high blood pressure will be considered followed by how and why it should be monitored. Both the social and economic implications of high blood pressure and it’s monitoring will be assessed. Blood pressure is the measure of the force the heart uses to pump blood through the arteries. NHS Choices. (21/07/2014). These arteries manage the flow of the blood by controlling its speed and direction. Blood pressure depends two things; how forcefully the heart pumps the blood and how narrow or relaxed the arteries are. Gill. S, Kristensen. SD. (08/02/2011). High blood pressure is caused when blood is forced through the arteries at an increased pressure. Artery walls have tiny muscles which allow them to become narrower or wider. The narrower the arteries the less space there is for the blood to flow and the harder the heart will have to work. The muscles in the artery wall react to the flow of blood by working harder, which makes them grow bigger. The wall then becomes thicker reducing the space for the blood to flow through. When the heart has to pump harder to push the blood through narrowed arteries the blood pressure rises. If an artery becomes blocked or bursts, the part of the body that the blood was going to will be deprived of energy and oxygen and will be damaged or die. In this instance the pressure of the blood causes the damage. Fullick. A (2008). Arteries can become damaged in other ways. They can become hardened (atherosclerosis) as a result of fat, cholesterol and other substances building up in the walls of the arteries. Hence life style can be a major contributor in high blood pressure. If an individual is overweight, smokes, eats too much salt, doesn’t exercise enough and, or consumes too much alcohol they will be susceptible to high blood pressure. In addition, if a person has relatives with high blood pressure, has a history of cardiovascular disease, or is of African or Caribbean descent they are more prone to it. Finally, as a person gets older so does their chance of getting high blood pressure, as the blood vessels become stiffer and less flexible. NHS Choices. (04/07/2014). Having continued high blood pressure (also known as hypertension) increases a persons risk of many serious illnesses, for example; cardiovascular disease, stroke, embolism, aneurysm and kidney disease, to name a few. Approximately one in five people in the UK suffer from hypertension. Gill. S, Kristensen. SD. (08/02/2011). However many of these aren’t aware, as there are not always obvious symptoms. For this reason it is sometimes known as the silent killer. NHS Choices. (04/07/2014). In some instances, with continued levels of very high blood pressure, individuals may display persistent headaches, blurred or double vision, nosebleeds and shortness of breath. The only way to know if a person has a problem with their blood pressure is to get it measured. The NHS recommend that every adult should have their blood pressure checked every 5 years. NHS Choices. (04/07/2014). The chart opposite shows the different levels of blood pressure and at what point they are considered low, normal and high. This chart is suitable for adults of any age as, although a persons blood pressure might change with age, the levels at which the pressure is considered high, normal or low do not. Blood Pressure Association . (2008). When taking a person’s blood pressure there are two readings. The top number is the systolic blood pressure. This is the highest pressure when the heart beats and pushes blood around the body. The bottom number is the diastolic blood pressure. This is the lowest pressure when the heart is relaxed between beats. Low blood pressure is anything less than 90/60. Ideal blood pressure is between 90/60 and 120/80. Readings up to 140/90 mean that the blood pressure is a little high and should be reduced slightly but anything over 140/90 is an indication of high blood pressure. Only one of either the systolic or diastolic numbers has to be higher than it should be to indicate that a person has high blood pressure . Blood Pressure Association . (2008). If blood pressure is 120 diastolic or below the risk of cardiovascular disease as a result of blood pressure is minimal but as it rises up to 140 diastolic the risk doubles and then by 160 over it doubles again. For every 20mm diastolic i ncrease the risk of death from cardiovascular disease doubles. Blood Pressure Association. (2008). Figures published by Public Health England in November 2014 showed that diseases caused by continued high blood pressure cost the NHS over  £2bn every year and monitoring accounts for 12% of all GP visits.  £850 million could be saved over a period of 10 years if overall blood pressure was reduced. In addition, over the same period of time, if 15% more people were diagnosed, a further  £120 million could be saved. Finally, if another 15% currently being treated controlled their blood pressure more effectively, another  £120 million could be saved. Public Health England. (2014). However, the act of measuring blood pressure is problematic. The whole process of going to visit a G.P to have your blood pressure monitored can in itself increase blood pressure. This is commonly known as the white coat effect; where a blood pressure reading is higher when taken in a medical setting than when it’s taken at home. This may be because patients are more nervous in such settings. It is reported that such an increase may occur in as many as 25% of those diagnosed with high blood pressure. This can lead to improper diagnosis of high blood pressure. NHS Choices. (24/08/2011). NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) reports that this effect is more common in pregnancy and with increasing age. McManus. R et al (2011). Thus other methods of monitoring are being considered more widely. One of these methods is ambulatory blood pressure monitor (ABPM). This is where blood pressure is measured for up to 24 hours. A small digital blood pressure monitor is se cured around a patients waist and connected to a cuff at the top of their arm. It is small enough not to affect daily life and can even be used when asleep. It measures the blood pressure at regular intervals over 24 hours, so a doctor is able to get a clear idea of how a patient’s blood pressure changes throughout the day. It avoids the problem of misleading spikes in blood pressure because a patient is feeling anxious about being tested. Pickering found that 21% of 292 patients with borderline high blood pressure actually had normal daytime readings. These patients were defined as having white coat hypertension, and they were more likely to be female, younger and to weigh less. Pickering. TG et al (1988). Staessen undertook a similar study and found that more patients measured by ABPM stopped treatment than those measured in a medical setting. Staessen. JA et al (1997). Therefore the benefits to large portions of society who might be able to stop taking drugs as a result of mis-diagnosis could be quite substantial. ABPM is, however, expensive. In 2011 NICE released the findings of a study that found that although it was the most accurate method of diagnosing hypertension, it was also the most expensive. However, the savings made as a result of reduced cost of drugs and GP visits meant that it was still the most cost effective means of measuring and confirming diagnosis. McManus. R et al (2011). Staessen also found that drug intervention could be reduced and that blood pressure and overall general health was improved as a result of treatment based on ABPM reading. Staessen. JA et al (1997). Therefore the social and economic benefits of ABPM would appear to be wholly worth the cost. However, Law, Wald and Morris Law. M, Wald. N, Morris. J. (2003). suggest there are problems with restricting the measurement of blood pressure purely to those with high blood pressure. They argue that although blood pressure is an important cause of stroke and heart disease it is not a good screening test to distinguish who will or will not develop them. They claim that most strokes and coronary heart disease occurs in people who do not have high blood pressure (only 10% of people with the highest blood pressure experience less than one third of all strokes and one fifth of all coronary heart disease events) and that older people with average blood pressure have a substantially greater risk than younger people with high blood pressure.They suggest that the term hypertension intimates that blood pressure is a disease in itself, rather than an indication of more serious problems and that monitoring with a view to reducing high blood pressure ignores those whose blood pressure might be relatively normal or borderline but whom for other reasons may develop stroke or heart disease. They found that lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke whatever the starting blood pressure. They suggest that the main method of screening should be to identify all those with a history of stroke or heart attack. They further suggest that there is little point in measuring blood pressure after a first event as subsequent deaths account for about half of all deaths from stroke and heart disease. Surprisingly, Law, Wald and Morris suggest that changes in diet and lifestyle have only a limited effect in reducing average blood pressure, although they do acknowledge that a major reduction in the salt content of manufactured foods by the food industry would have an impact. They argue that blood pressure lowering drugs are the only way to ensure substantial reductions in blood pressure. As such they suggest that blood pressure reducing drugs should be given to all those identified as susceptible to heart disease or stroke, including those over a certain age, regardless of the level of their blood pressure. The impartiality of Law, Wald and Morris findings are questionable as they see medication as the only way forward. It is not clear if their research is funded by a pharmaceutical company and care would need to be taken when relying upon their findings. They give no credence to the social benefits of life style changes, for example general well being from a reduced diet or alcohol intake, as well as the benefits brought about from the socialising aspect of exercise. Their recommendations also take no account of the reluctance of otherwise healthy individuals to a lifetime of drug taking. As highlighted by Honigsbaum, Honigsbaum. M.. (2012). who, at the age of 47, living a healthy life style, rejected the notion of having to take pills for the rest of his life. Honigsbaum is an example of those in Law’s study, whose life style did not suggest a problem with high blood pressure but whom had a genetic pre disposition to the condition. In conclusion, it would appear that there is consensus of agreement that high blood pressure is a major world health problem and that monitoring is essential. However, there is still a lot to be done in terms of education about lifestyle and adoption of values that underpin this, for example encouragement of healthier lifestyles and for the food industry to take take responsibility for a reduction in salt in manufactured foods. There is further a growing body of agreement that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is the most effective in terms of diagnosis and as such the higher costs are justified. In addition, questions remain regarding how to identify those with pre existing or inherent predisposition to cardiovascular disease who may not have high blood pressure. References Gill. S, Kristensen. SD. (08/02/2011). High blood pressure (hypertension). Available: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/hypertension.htm#ixzz3QISs6hUI. Last accessed 30/01/15. Blood pressure association . (2008). What high blood pressure (hypertension) can do. Available: http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Yourbody. Last accessed 30/01/15. Blood pressure association . (2008). Blood pressure chart. Available: http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Thebasics/Bloodpressurechart. Last accessed 30/01/15. NHS Choices. (21/07/2014). What is blood pressure?. Available: http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/what-is-blood-pressure.aspx. Last accessed 30/01/15. NHS Choices. (04/07/2014). High blood pressure (hypertension). Available: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Blood-pressure-(high)/Pages/Introduction.aspx. Last accessed 30/01/15. NHS Choices. (04/07/2014). High blood pressure (hypertension) Symptoms. Available: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Blood-pressure-(high)/Pages/Symptoms.aspx. Last accessed 30/01/15. NHS Choices. (24/08/2011). High blood pressure to be tested at home. Available: http://www.nhs.uk/news/2011/08august/pages/high-blood-pressure-test-home.aspx. Last accessed 30/01/15. Pickering. TG, James. GD, Boddies. C, Harshfield. GA, Blank. S, Laragh. JH.. (1988). How common is white coat hypertension?. National Institute of Health. 259 (2), 225-8. McManus. R, Jowett. S, Barton. P, Hodgkinson. J, Mant. J, Martin. U, Heneghan. C, Hobbs. R.. (2011). Cost-effectiveness analysis – blood pressure monitoring for confirming a diagnosis of hypertension. Hypertension. 1 (1), 446. Staessen. JA, Byttebier. G, Buntinx. F, Celis. H, OBrien. ET, Fagard. R.. (1997). Antihypertensive treatment based on conventional or ambulatory blood pressure measurement. A randomized controlled trial. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and Treatment of Hypertension Investigato. National Institute of Health. 278 (13), 1065-72. Law. M, Wald. N, Morris. J.. (2003). Lowering blood pressure to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke: a new preventive strategy. Health Technology Assessment NHS RD HTA Programme. 7 (31), 3. Honigsbaum. M.. (2012). Home truths about high blood pressure. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/jan/08/high-blood-pressure-mark-honigsbaum. Last accessed 30/01/15. Fullick. A (2008). Edexcel AS Biology. Essex: Pearson Eduction limited. 18-33. Public Health England. (2014). Tackling high blood pressure from evidence into action. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/375985/20141018_Tackling_high_blood_pressure_-_FINAL_INCL_LINK_CHANGES.pdf. Last accessed 30/01/15. 1

Communication Case Essay

Communication allows ideas to be conveyed clearly and succinctly. Communication is crucial for developing positive relationships with children, young people and their families, colleagues and other professionals We communicate to express our emotions like courage or fear, joy or sorrow, satisfaction or disappointment with appropriate gestures and words. Communication is vital for seeking and providing information. AiiDescribe TWO ways how effective communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting between individuals using the service, their carer’s, colleagues and other practitioners. 1. Effective communication is the basis of all relationship regardless of whether the relationship is professional or personal. It is important as it helps to give concise and clear information and eliminate the possibility of risks to patients. 2. Also with effective communication there would be a positive atmosphere within the work place and colleagues would be more willing to help each other out. Staff would know where everything is and also offer extra support with your workload. AiiiIdentify THREE ways of finding out the communication and language needs of an individual. For each method, describe how effective it is at establishing the needs of the individual. Method How effective this method is? Looking through previous records Previous records can identify the individual’s illness or disability and what kind of support they will need to establish communication and language needs. Observation Observation is effective as it is establishing the communication and language by watching/talking to the patient themselves. Communication with family/other professionals Family, friends and other professional who have worked/lived with the patient will have a lot on information/knowledge on the patient. They would have developed ways of dealing with the patient’s communication and language over a long time. AivDescribe THREE factors to consider when promoting effective communication. Disabilities: Disabilities such as hearing loss, impaired vision, mobility problems or speech impairment can affect the effective communication. Proper communication method should be known before communicating the people with disability or different health issues. Cultural Differences: Communication differences can result from differences in culture. In some cultures, children are not allowed to speak in front of adult and some kind of body gesture, eye contact, facial expression and touch are inappropriate. Environment: Environment is one of the most important factors to consider. Ensure the lights, air, temperature, noise and that it is safe and comfortable for the patient before establishing effective communication. AvDescribe THREE verbal and THREE non-verbal communication methods and styles that a social care worker may use in an adult setting. Verbal Non Verbal Spoken – When people speak face-to-face or via the phone it’s considered verbal communication Body language/Body movements – Body movements include gestures, posture, head and hand movements or whole body movements Written – writing is considered a form of verbal communication because words are involved. Eye contact – It is important to give eye contact as it helps the person know that you are listening Non-spoken – A person doesn’t have to speak words for a communication to be considered verbal. A groan can qualify. In fact, any noises or utterances a person makes are included in this classification. Posture – Posture can reflect people’s emotions, attitudes and intentions. Avi Explain why it is important to respond to an individual’s reactions during communication. It is important to respond to an individual’s reactions during communication because it shows you are actively taking part in a conversation. It also shows that you are listening. With no listening there really isn’t a conversation happening. If you are listening passively, then you are giving little or no feedback. If you are like this, then you are unlikely to make coherent responses. Avii Explain how an individual’s background can influence their communication methods. An individual’s background can influence their communication methods by the way in which they are brought up and the society and culture that they live in has a great effect on the way in which they communicate. In some cultures children are not allowed to speak in the presence of certain adults. Some people may have been brought up in a background of challenging environments. Some women do not speak in front of other men out of family. These factors will highly influence the way they communicate and to establish communication with these groups of people. Also there may be a language barrier which would influence communication methods. Aviii Identify three examples of barriers to communication and explain how you could overcome each barrier. Barrier How it can over come Language differences You can overcome this by identifying the preferred communication method and using the appropriate method to communicate. Culture differences You can overcome this by providing an interpreter or translator service. Using makaton, body language and pictures etc. Physical Barrier You could overcome this by checking the individual’s record, speaking to a family member or friends or through the country’s cultural representative. Aix Describe two strategies that you could use to clarify misunderstandings. 1. Be polite and ask kindly in a calm professional manner. 2. Writing instructions clearly and concisely. Ask the them to repeat what I have said to ensure clear understanding. AxA social care worker wants to enable more effective communication with individuals using the service. Explain how they could access extra support or services that may be helpful. Translation services – This service can help with changing the written text from one language to another. Interpreting services – This service can help with converting spoken language to another language. Speech and language services – This service can support people who have had a stroke and have problems with their speech. Advocacy services – This service can support people who are unable to speak up for themselves. This service tries to understand the needs, wishes and preferences of people, and will argue on their behalf.

How to Write a Book Review

How to Write a Book Review How to Write a Book Review Book reviews could be found in almost every newspaper or internet portal. There are different types of reviews. Some of them only introduce their readers to the particular book, other try to go deeper and to carry out a real analysis of the book. In our times of modern technologies and internet, it is better not to copy the practice of many internet users to write a short description of a book. Short reviews are easy to be written and also do not â€Å"waste† the time of the reader, but still they are not able to shed light on the book described. Hence, as it seems, not so many people know how to write a book review in the proper sense of the term. Your approach towards writing a book review needs to be based on three key elements: knowledge, interpretation and advice. Let’s check each of them in order to better explain the process of writing a book review. Knowledge If this task is assigned to you, and you hesitate what to write and how to do it, you are probably not a very experienced author. You should start from reading critical analyses and commentaries of the books. By reading them, you will know how to structure the paper, how to read the book itself, and how to discover the key meanings of the book in question. Analyses are boring in almost all cases, but you need to train your mind in this direction. Afterwards you have to start reading professional book reviews not written by readers, as it is with the web site Amazon.com for instance, but professional reviews in specialized newspapers and magazines. The final step of this stage includes reading a lot about your particular author- biography, achievements, interests, critical reception. Now you are ready to go to the second stage- interpretation and understanding. Interpretation of the book Your task involves not only a description of the book, but expressing your personal opinion on it as well. Be careful while dealing with them both: discern the one from the other. Your description needs to be adequate and realistic. Describe the main characters, their interactions and the plot. This description should not exceed one-fourth of the review. Of course, the good description requires an excellent understanding from you. There are some complicated plots which could leave every reader in the darkness. If this is the case, read other analyses, thus you will be able to notice key messages which otherwise will be incomprehensible for you. Now, it is time to discover the meaning of the book. What does the author intend to say? How does he/she say it? Perhaps several views on life are interwoven here: the advantage of novels is the diversity of characters â€Å"inhabiting† them; the same could be said about volumes with short stories. Thus, you will not be able to perfectly interpret a book; but your task is to elaborate an adequate interpretation. Advice for writing a book review The last stage of writing the paper turns around expressing your personal opinion on the book. Here you may allow yourself to be more subjective. Tell why you like, or do not like the book; what flaws you have found in it; what are its advantages. However, you should avoid extreme comments, and also to let the reader analyze the book for themselves. In this sense, you need to be pluralistic, in order to show respect for the reader. You must be confident while starting your work. Readers do not feel sympathy for reviewers who seem confused or incompetent. For that reason revise your paper several times as refine it in the best possible way. How to Write a Book Review How to Write a Book Review A company providing support in all kinds of book review writing can be a good source of help when you need a book review. Books related to any discipline and of any kind can be reviewed excellently by following the instructions. If you do not know how to do a book review writing, do not get upset as we are here to help you. So, follow the instructions given below for book review writing: Read the book for which you are going to do book review writing. While reading, summarize all the chapters in your own words. Evaluate the book. Closely look into the writing style of author, what words he/she uses mostly, how he/she has managed to deliver his/her views regarding the main topic and what theme he/she has followed to write the book. Try to find out the centre of the book, the main idea around which the whole text is revolving. Find out the strong and weak aspects of the writer which he/she has shown in his/her writing. Highlight the strong and weak points in your review writing. Try to find out how the writer has justified his/her claims that he/she made in his/her written work. Introduce the text clearly. Conclude in the last. Remember writing book reviews is a small exercise, you should not write a number of pages for it. Try to cut it short. First of all do the drafting for book review writing, then check it and write it with amendments. Try to keep the review as simple as you can. Moreover, it should be easily understandable. If you are still in need of assistance, contact us and we will resolve all of your problems related to book review writing.

Free Essays on To The Lighthouse

A lighthouse is a structure that warns and navigates ships at night as they near land, creating specific signals for guidance. In Virginia Woolf’s To The Lighthouse, the Lighthouse stands a monument to motivation for completion of long-term goals. Every character’s goals guides him or her through life, and the way that each person sees the world depends on goals they make. Some characters’ goals relate directly to the Lighthouse, others indirectly. Some goals abstractly relate to the Lighthouse. The omnipresent structure pours its guiding light over every character and every action. The spouses Ramsey have Shiva and Parvati-like roles in life, and their goals correspond to these roles. Mr. Ramsey differs in that he separates unconscious goals from conscious goals. Subconsciously, Mr. Ramsey manifests the character of destruction. His role is necessary to the well being of the family; though he seems at times to suck life from others with his bitter pessimism, his role is as important as the role of his wife, the giver and the nurturer. Mr. Ramsey exists in order to balance his wife’s personality. His rage complements her love. Consciously, Mr. Ramsey aspires to intellectual enlightenment through his philosophizing. His attitude in traveling to the Lighthouse mirrors his attitude towards attaining this goal. Mr. Ramsey has no hope that he will be able to reach either, and almost gives up both before trying, shifting the blame from him to outside forces. The trip to the lighthouse was unattainable because of conditions that do not have to do with neither him nor the goal: the weather conditions were not easily sailable. Intellectual enlightenment will be unattainable because of conditions that do not have to do with either him or the goal, as well. â€Å"He would have written better books if he had not married (Woolf 69).† His marriage and children become the scapegoat for this goal not being attained. Mr. Ramsey makes excuses ... Free Essays on To The Lighthouse Free Essays on To The Lighthouse A lighthouse is a structure that warns and navigates ships at night as they near land, creating specific signals for guidance. In Virginia Woolf’s To The Lighthouse, the Lighthouse stands a monument to motivation for completion of long-term goals. Every character’s goals guides him or her through life, and the way that each person sees the world depends on goals they make. Some characters’ goals relate directly to the Lighthouse, others indirectly. Some goals abstractly relate to the Lighthouse. The omnipresent structure pours its guiding light over every character and every action. The spouses Ramsey have Shiva and Parvati-like roles in life, and their goals correspond to these roles. Mr. Ramsey differs in that he separates unconscious goals from conscious goals. Subconsciously, Mr. Ramsey manifests the character of destruction. His role is necessary to the well being of the family; though he seems at times to suck life from others with his bitter pessimism, his role is as important as the role of his wife, the giver and the nurturer. Mr. Ramsey exists in order to balance his wife’s personality. His rage complements her love. Consciously, Mr. Ramsey aspires to intellectual enlightenment through his philosophizing. His attitude in traveling to the Lighthouse mirrors his attitude towards attaining this goal. Mr. Ramsey has no hope that he will be able to reach either, and almost gives up both before trying, shifting the blame from him to outside forces. The trip to the lighthouse was unattainable because of conditions that do not have to do with neither him nor the goal: the weather conditions were not easily sailable. Intellectual enlightenment will be unattainable because of conditions that do not have to do with either him or the goal, as well. â€Å"He would have written better books if he had not married (Woolf 69).† His marriage and children become the scapegoat for this goal not being attained. Mr. Ramsey makes excuses ...

Assigned topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assigned topic - Research Paper Example In Socrates discussion with Thrasymachus that followed, he first cleared that it was compulsory for people to abide by rulers and just like other people were prone to make mistakes in formulation of these laws. So the times when rules have made a mistake and people are claiming it as justice than it won’t be interest of stronger. In that case when people claim justice abiding by the rule of state or the ruler it won’t be for the interest of stronger but would actually cause injury to those in power. This might be unintentional but clearly states that Thrasymachus claim of justice only being interest of stronger is not always abided by. This is what they agreed upon at the end of discussion. Book 2 According to Glaucon, what do people praise instead of justice? Why? The best way to living by Glaucon is when men have done and suffered injustice and they come to a mutual ground which would be called as lawful and just in the society. Ring of Gyges is explained by Glaucon a nd is termed as a mythical magical artifact. This has this divine and strange power that makes its owner invisible. He says that every man believes in his heart that doing injustice would give more benefits that acting by laws of justice. If someone gets the ring of Gyges and doesn’t use it as mean of injustice he would be termed foolish by others. This is the reason people praise injustice because they believe that it will give them more benefits. Paper 2 Politics is a broad term which includes Strategy, economics, and rhetoric and since it includes all of the other sciences, it is called the master of art. It involves people who in a certain way control lives of people as they make legislations which make things happen and tell people as what they ought to do or what they should stop doing. This is what brings man to a good end. A young man is full of action and passion and his interest are mostly on the basis of action rather than knowledge. Moreover, his experience in lif e would be in general rather than specific to this political science and he would be good with life in general terms but not specifically with political science. Happiness can’t be identified with honor since that would end of man’s political life. For a man, honor is basically assurance of his goodness and men with practical wisdom are the ones who seek honor. Virtue however is related with inactivity according to Aristotle and no one would call such a person as happy and hence honor is not related to happiness. Happiness according to him comes with all noble acts and it is impossible to do Noble acts without proper equipment and therefore it is important to have external goods to create happiness. Virtues are intellectual as well as moral. Intellectual wisdom includes philosophic wisdom, understanding and practical wisdom would be included in intellectual wisdom whereas liberality and temperance are said to be part of moral virtue. Moral Virtue is a mean between two vices and lies between excess and defect and also a mean between passion and action. This would simply mean choosing the in between pathway. Paper 3 Prodigality and meanness are two words that Aristotle explained on the basis of wealth. Meanness according to him is the excessive desire and lust for wealth than there should be in a normal person. However, Prodigality is a complex termed described by him. These are those men who spend money on self-indulgence and they are basically

Housing Estate in Cold-Water Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Housing Estate in Cold-Water - Case Study Example This report pertains to the development of Cold waters housing initiative as apparent from the computer-graphed image above which will mean that the current map of the Cold-Water will have a large number of landscape changes made to it with a possible usage of land swaps and remodeling.At the outset it is possible to see from the graphically configured diagram of the Waterside View above it can be seen that it is not only a housing area but the inclusion of the aquatic leisure centre is all set to increase the commercial value of the estate. The plan is to focus upon terraced houses and low rise flats for an increase in the landscape beauty. The housing estate will be complete with a new leisure centre ,a public covered swimming pool, a training pool, and generous opportunities for gymnastic and sports activities. It is also planned that there will be two nearby single storey retail warehouses with expansive surface car parking for them and n restaurants/cafes with outside seating areas for the summer. All vehicle servicing will be underground. As mentioned before the housing plan includes a lot of low rise flats which will be around this commercial property and a liberal amount of landscaping will be provided from the dock area above. This area was formerly a low wage income area before the government too initiatives to bring out the commercial potential of this place. The residential housing is for both commercial and council purposes. There is a total of 55,600 sq m of residential housing available 60% of which is based on the PFI initiative and will be sold or leased back to the Local Government.The problem here is that due to the lack of labour etc there are likely to be delays in building which may cause fines being imposed upon the constructing firms.These delays may also be aggravated by the scientific protests going on. The idea for the commercial accommodation is feasible enough as the plan includes reasonably priced properties along with balconies and roof gardens and secure car-parking underground. The demographics, densities and styles around the locality and styles of local housing developments There are many neighbourhoods surrounding Cold water like as Steel Town, Chemical Town, Coal Town where is there is a rampant issue of economic decline and a change in function. New

Rule Developing Experimentation and Its Use in Marketing Research Paper

Rule Developing Experimentation and Its Use in Marketing - Research Paper Example   It means with a very little effort a huge target can be achieved. There need be motivation and interest to adhere to it. RDE helps in yielding high dividends. RDE can be implemented for not only consumer good companies but also B2B companies. RDE is nothing new, but Alex Gofman and Howard R. Moskowitz, have exhibited the essence of it very nicely in their book. Importance is given to the development of items that are not yet well known in the market, but that will be highly acceptable. RDE is a solution-oriented learning experience. The customers help the manufacturer to design and create a new product, which has come to the market after it is produced through rigorous research and development programme. â€Å"It is systemized solution-oriented business process experimentation that designs, tests, modifies alternate ideas, packages, products or services in a disciplined way using the experimental design so that the developer and marketer discover what appeals to the customer, ev en if the customer articulate the need, much less the solution.†(Alex Gofman & Howard Moskowitz, 2007) At the outset, it was made use of for product optimization and then message optimization for advertising, promotions etc. Applications of RDE are there in any field that involves human choices and decisions, for example, social science, public policies, the stock market, crisis communication management etc. 1) Identify the free offer that accompanies the main product. For example, take the case of credit card. The offer may be with respect to Annual Percentage Rate (APR). In the case of others, there may be rewards, monetary benefits or discounts. The structure of RDE grants higher success than any other method. It is accepted that the seven steps are given above clearly make the consumer understand the problem and arrive at the proper solution.

Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally lll Essay Example for Free

Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally lll Essay 1. In my article deinstitutionalization bought on some positive effects by lowering health cost, but negative consequences came into the community also. Bringing into effect such things as Medicare and Medicaid, and the establishment of the Community Health Centers. This began to make it easier for the mentally ill to be able to get the help and rehabilitation that was needed rather than just being placed in mental institutions and left alone. â€Å"For example, decreases in inpatient mental health care can be complemented by increases in outpatient mental health care. Decreases in inpatient mental health care can also be paired with increases in other forms of care, such as social welfare, criminal justice, or nursing home care.† The article showed that the government began to step up and take part in the care of the mentally ill, making a way for the public hospitals to no longer be responsible for the mentally ill and private sectors to step in and offer more one on one care. Deinstitutionalization began to free up rooms in hospitals and offer lower medical costs 2. But crime and homelessness did increase in local communities. Some former patients went home to their families, some to nursing homes, where almost a million mentally ill Americans are said to now live. Because of the amount of mentally ill people being released or put out of mental institutions this bought on a great deal of them living on the streets and forced to rob and steal in order to survive. This is how the crime rate began to increase, mentally starting to be placed in the jail or prison system, which in the long run ends up costing far more than one being placed in a mental institution. Communicable diseases became more prominent as women began prostituting themselves. With their mental capacity questionable, it was still believed that people didn’t care what happened to them nor did they pay attention to their needs, until the epidemic of STD’s such as AIDS began to rise and start to affect what was considered to be â€Å"normal Americans households.†

Cloning and Mind Zombies :: Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Cloning and Mind Zombies Cloning, is it the thing of the future? Or is it a start of a new generation? To some, cloning could give back a life. A life of fun, happiness, and freedom. For others it could mean destruction, evil, or power. Throughout this paper, you the reader, should get a better concept of cloning, it's ethics, the pro's and con's, and the concerns it has brought up. You will hear the good of what cloning can do and the bad that comes with the good. Most of the information you will read about in this paper is what might become of the future. Even though the cloning of humans can not be accomplished. When it is the possibilities are endless. What is cloning? How did it get started? Well, it is like this. A clone is a genetic copy or a replica of an living organism. But, when you gear cloning doesn't a Si-Fi movie come to mind. Like when they take a nucleus, place it in a egg, put the egg in a incubator, and when it hatches it's an exact replica of the original being (Lawren). Though this has been done with frogs it has not yet been accomplished with mammals (Lawren). Another way to make a clone, as they do in the cattle buisness, is to split the cells of a early multi-celled embryo which will form two new embryos (Lawren). For it to get started into practice it took more than fifty years of questioning and testing. The first successful cloning experiment involved a leopard frog. It took place in, 1952 with group of scientist from the Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia (Lawren). To clone the frog they used an embryonic frog cell nucleus(Margery). 1962, John Gurdon of Cambridge University cloned a toad that survive threw adulthood and was able to reproduce. He was also the first to take a nucleus from a fully contrast tadpole intestinal cell and cloned toads(Robertson). As you can see we are getting close to the cloning of humans. 1981, Steen Willadsen was the first to clone a artificial chimera. He did this by mixing a sheep and a goat getting the result of a "geep" (Lawren). It had the body shape and the head of a goat, and a dappled coat which had large patches of sheep's wool. 1984, Willadsen cloned the first verifiable mammal, using embryonic nuclei transplant into an unfertilized sheep egg. Also in, 1986, when he worked for Texas bioengineering company (Lawren). By using the embryonic nuclei, he produces the first cloned calves from cattle.

Monopolistic Competition

INTRODUCTION Pure monopoly and perfect competition are two extreme cases of market structure. In reality, there are markets having large number of producers competing with each other in order to sell their product in the market. Thus, there is monopoly on the one hand and perfect competition, on the other hand. Such a mixture of monopoly and perfect competition is called monopolistic competition. It is a case of imperfect competition. The model of monopolistic competition describes a common  market structure  in which firms have many competitors, but each one sells a slightly different product. Monopolistic competition as a market structure was first identified in the 1930s by American economist  Edward Chamberlin, and English economist  Joan Robinson. Many small businesses operate under conditions of monopolistic competition, including independently owned and operated high-street stores and restaurants. In the case of restaurants, each one offers something different and possesses an element of uniqueness, but all are essentially competing for the same customers. The aim of the given work is the study of monopolistic competition. The paper consists of introduction, body, conclusion and bibliography. In the introduction the aim of the work is defined and the structure of the paper is described. The body gives the definition of monopolistic competition, studies it main characteristics and comments on the main advantages and disadvantages of monopolistic competition. Conclusion sums up the results of the study. Bibliography comprises the list of references used when carrying out the work. MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION Monopolistic competition  is a type of  imperfect competition  such that competing producers sell products that are  differentiated  from one another as good but not perfect  substitutes, such as from branding, quality, or location. In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms. In a monopolistically competitive market, firms can behave like  monopolies  in the  short run, including by using market power to generate profit. In the  long run, however, other firms enter the market and the benefits of differentiation decrease with competition; the market becomes more like a  perfectly competitive  one where firms cannot gain economic profit. In practice, however, if consumer rationality/innovativeness is low and heuristics are preferred,  monopolistic competition  can fall into  natural monopoly, even in the complete absence of government intervention. In the presence of coercive government, monopolistic competition will fall into  government-granted monopoly. Unlike perfect competition, the firm maintains spare capacity. Models of monopolistic competition are often used to model industries. Examples of industries with market structures similar to monopolistic competition include  restaurants,  cereal,  clothing,  shoes, and service industries in large cities. The â€Å"founding father† of the theory of monopolistic competition is  Edward Hastings Chamberlin, who wrote a pioneering book on the subject  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Theory of Monopolistic Competition†Ã‚  (1933). Joan Robinson  published a book  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Economics of Imperfect Competition†Ã‚  with a comparable theme of distinguishing perfect from imperfect competition. Monopolistically competitive markets have the following characteristics: * There are many producers and many consumers in the market, and no business has total control over the market price. * Consumers perceive that there are non-price differences among the competitors' products. There are few  barriers to entry  and exit. * Producers have a degree of control over price. The long-run characteristics of a monopolistically competitive market are almost the same as a perfectly competitive market. Two differences between the two are that monopolistic competition produces heterogeneous products and that monopolistic competition involves a great deal of non-price competition, which is based on subtle product differentiation. A firm making profits in the short run will nonetheless only  break even  in the long run because demand will decrease and average total cost will increase. This means in the long run, a monopolistically competitive firm will make zero  economic profit. This illustrates the amount of influence the firm has over the market; because of brand loyalty, it can raise its prices without losing all of its customers. This means that an individual firm's demand curve is downward sloping, in contrast to perfect competition, which has a  perfectly elastic  demand schedule. Monopolistically competitive markets exhibit the following characteristics: 1. Each firm makes independent decisions about price and output, based on its product, its market, and its  costs of production. . Knowledge is widely spread between participants, but it is unlikely to be perfect. For example, diners can review all the menus available from restaurants in a town, before they make their choice. Once inside the restaurant, they can view the menu again, before ordering. However, they cannot fully appreciate the restaurant or the meal until after they have dined. 3. The   entrepreneur  has a more significant role than in firms that are perfectly competitive because of the increased risks associated with decision making. 4. There is freedom to enter or leave the market, as there are no major  barriers to entry  or exit. 5. A central feature of monopolistic competition is that products are differentiated. There are four main types of differentiation: a. Physical product differentiation, where firms use size, design, colour, shape, performance, and features to make their products different. For example, consumer electronics can easily be physically differentiated. b. Marketing differentiation, where firms try to differentiate their product by distinctive packaging and other promotional techniques. For example, breakfast cereals can easily be differentiated through packaging. c. Human capital differentiation, where the firm creates differences through the skill of its employees, the level of training received, distinctive uniforms, and so on. d. Differentiation through distribution, including distribution via mail order or through internet shopping, such as Amazon. com, which differentiates itself from traditional bookstores by selling online. 6. Firms are  price makers  and are faced with a downward sloping  demand curve. Because each firm makes a unique product, it can charge a higher or lower price than its rivals. The firm can set its own price and does not have to ‘take' it from the industry as a whole, though the industry price may be a guideline, or becomes a constraint. This also means that the demand curve will slope downwards. 7. Firms  operating under monopolistic competition usually  have to engage in advertising. Firms are often in fierce competition with other (local) firms offering a similar product or service, and may need to advertise on a local basis, to let customers know their differences. Common methods of advertising for these firms are through local press and radio, local cinema, posters, leaflets and special promotions. 8. Monopolistically competitive firms are assumed to be  profit maximisers  because firms tend to be small with entrepreneurs actively involved in managing the business. 9. There are usually a large numbers of independent firms competing in the market. Product differentiation Monopolistic competition firms sell products that have real or perceived non-price differences. However, the differences are not so great as to eliminate other goods as substitutes. Technically, the cross price elasticity of demand between goods in such a market is positive. In fact, the XED would be high. Monopolistic competition goods are best described as close but imperfect substitutes. The goods perform the same basic functions but have differences in qualities such as type, style, quality, reputation, appearance, and location that tend to distinguish them from each other. For example, the basic function of motor vehicles is basically the same – to move people and objects from point A to B in reasonable comfort and safety. Yet there are many different types of motor vehicles such as motor scooters, motor cycles, trucks, cars and SUVs and many variations even within these categories. There are many firms in each monopolistic competition product group and many firms on the side lines prepared to enter the market. A product group is a â€Å"collection of similar products†. The fact that there are â€Å"many firms† gives each MC firm the freedom to set prices without engaging in strategic decision making regarding the prices of other firms and each firm's actions have a negligible impact on the market. For example, a firm could cut prices and increase sales without fear that its actions will prompt retaliatory responses from competitors. How many firms will an MC market structure support at market equilibrium? The answer depends on factors such as fixed costs, economies of scale and the degree of product differentiation. For example, the higher the fixed costs, the fewer firms the market will support. Also the greater the degree of product differentiation – the more the firm can separate itself from the pack – the fewer firms there will be at market equilibrium. In the long run there is free entry and exit. There are numerous firms waiting to enter the market each with its own â€Å"unique† product or in pursuit of positive profits and any firm unable to cover its costs can leave the market without incurring liquidation costs. This assumption implies that there are low start up costs, no sunk costs and no exit costs. The cost of entering and exit is very low. Each monopolistic competition firm independently sets the terms of exchange for its product. The firm gives no consideration to what effect its decision may have on competitors. The theory is that any action will have such a negligible effect on the overall market demand that an MC firm can act without fear of prompting heightened competition. In other words each firm feels free to set prices as if it were a monopoly rather than an oligopoly. Monopolistic competition firms have some degree of market power. Market power means that the firm has control over the terms and conditions of exchange. An MC firm can raise it prices without losing all its customers. The firm can also lower prices without triggering a potentially ruinous price war with competitors. The source of an MC firm's market power is not barriers to entry since they are low. Rather, an MC firm has market power because it has relatively few competitors, those competitors do not engage in strategic decision making and the firms sells differentiated product. Market power also means that an MC firm faces a downward sloping demand curve. The demand curve is highly elastic although not â€Å"flat†. There are two sources of inefficiency in the MC market structure. First, at its optimum output the firm charges a price that exceeds marginal costs, the MC firm maximizes profits where MR = MC. Since the MC firm's demand curve is downward sloping this means that the firm will be charging a price that exceeds marginal costs. The monopoly power possessed by an MC firm means that at its profit maximizing level of production there will be a net loss of consumer (and producer) surplus. The second source of inefficiency is the fact that MC firms operate with excess capacity. That is, the MC firm's profit maximizing output is less than the output associated with minimum average cost. Both a PC and MC firm will operate at a point where demand or price equals average cost. For a PC firm this equilibrium condition occurs where the perfectly elastic demand curve equals minimum average cost. A MC firm’s demand curve is not flat but is downward sloping. Thus in the long run the demand curve will be tangent to the long run average cost curve at a point to the left of its minimum. The result is excess capacity. While monopolistically competitive firms are inefficient, it is usually the case that the costs of regulating prices for every product that is sold in monopolistic competition far exceed the benefits of such regulation. The government would have to regulate all firms that sold heterogeneous products—an impossible proposition in a  market economy. A monopolistically competitive firm might be said to be marginally inefficient because the firm produces at an output where average total cost is not a minimum. A monopolistically competitive market might be said to be a marginally inefficient market structure because marginal cost is less than price in the long run. Another concern of critics of monopolistic competition is that it fosters  advertising  and the creation of  brand names. Critics argue that advertising induces customers into spending more on products because of the name associated with them rather than because of rational factors. Defenders of advertising dispute this, arguing that brand names can represent a guarantee of quality and that advertising helps reduce the cost to consumers of weighing the tradeoffs of numerous competing brands. There are unique information and information processing costs associated with selecting a brand in a monopolistically competitive environment. In a monopoly market, the consumer is faced with a single brand, making information gathering relatively inexpensive. In a perfectly competitive industry, the consumer is faced with many brands, but because the brands are virtually identical information gathering is also relatively inexpensive. In a monopolistically competitive market, the consumer must collect and process information on a large number of different brands to be able to select the best of them. In many cases, the cost of gathering information necessary to selecting the best brand can exceed the benefit of consuming the best brand instead of a randomly selected brand. Evidence suggests that consumers use information obtained from advertising not only to assess the single brand advertised, but also to infer the possible existence of brands that the consumer has, heretofore, not observed, as well as to infer consumer satisfaction with brands similar to the advertised brand The advantages of monopolistic competition Monopolistic competition can bring the following advantages: 1. There are no significant  barriers to entry; therefore markets are relatively  contestable. 2. Differentiation creates diversity, choice and utility. For example, a typical high street in any town will have a number of different restaurants from which to choose. 3. The market is more efficient than monopoly but less efficient than perfect competition – less allocatively and less productively efficient. However, they may be dynamically efficient, innovative in terms of new production processes or new products. For example, retailers often constantly have to develop new ways to attract and retain local custom. The disadvantages of monopolistic competition There are several potential disadvantages associated with monopolistic competition, including: 1. Some differentiation does not create utility but generates unnecessary waste, such as excess packaging. Advertising may also be considered wasteful, though most is informative rather than persuasive. 2. As the diagram illustrates, assuming profit maximisation, there is allocative inefficiency in both the long and short run. This is  because price is above marginal cost in both cases. In the long run the firm is less allocatively inefficient, but it is still inefficient. . There is a tendency for excess capacity because firms can never fully exploit their fixed factors because mass production is difficult. This means they are  productively inefficient  in both the long and short run. However, this is may be outweighed by the advantages of diversity and choice. As an economic model of competition, monopolistic competition is more realistic than perfect competition – many famil iar and commonplace markets have many of the characteristics of this model. Conclusion Our study gives us an opportunity to come to the following conclusion. Monopolistic competition is a  market structure  in which several or many  sellers  each produce similar, but  slightly  differentiated  products. Each producer  can set its  price  and quantity without affecting the marketplace as a whole. Monopolistic competition differs from perfect competition in that production does not take place at the lowest possible cost. Because of this, firms are left with excess production capacity. It is a type of competition within an industry where: * All firms produce similar yet not perfectly substitutable products. All firms are able to enter the industry if the profits are attractive. * All firms are profit maximizers. * All firms have some market power, which means none are price takers. Monopolistic competition has certain features, one of which is that there are large number of sellers producing differentiated products. So, competition among them is very keen. Since number of sellers is large, each seller produces a very smal l part of market supply. So no seller is in a position to control price of product. Every firm is limited in its size. Product differentiation is one of the most important features of monopolistic competition. In perfect competition, products are homogeneous in nature. On the contrary, here, every producer tries to keep his product dissimilar than his rival's product in order to maintain his separate identity. This boosts up the competition in market. So, every firm acquires some monopoly power. The feature of freedom of entry and exit leads to stiff competition in market. Free entry into the market enables new firms to come with close substitutes. Free entry or exit maintains normal profit in the market for a longer span of time. Selling cost is another unique feature of monopolistic competition. In such type of market, due to product differentiation, every firm has to incur some additional expenditure in the form of selling cost. This cost includes sales promotion expenses, advertisement expenses, salaries of marketing staff, etc. And the last feature of monopolistic competition is that a firm is facing downward sloping demand curve i. e. elastic demand curve. It means one can sell more at lower price and vice versa. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Ayers R. and Collinge R. , Microeconomics, Pearson, 2003 2. J. Gans, S. King, N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, Thomson Learning, 2003 3. Hirschey, M, Managerial Economics Rev. Ed, Dryden, 2000 4. http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/390037/monopolistic-competition 5. http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/monopolisticmarket. asp 6. http://kalyan-city. blogspot. com/2010/11/monopolistic-competition-meaning. html Monopolistic Competition INTRODUCTION Pure monopoly and perfect competition are two extreme cases of market structure. In reality, there are markets having large number of producers competing with each other in order to sell their product in the market. Thus, there is monopoly on the one hand and perfect competition, on the other hand. Such a mixture of monopoly and perfect competition is called monopolistic competition. It is a case of imperfect competition. The model of monopolistic competition describes a common  market structure  in which firms have many competitors, but each one sells a slightly different product. Monopolistic competition as a market structure was first identified in the 1930s by American economist  Edward Chamberlin, and English economist  Joan Robinson. Many small businesses operate under conditions of monopolistic competition, including independently owned and operated high-street stores and restaurants. In the case of restaurants, each one offers something different and possesses an element of uniqueness, but all are essentially competing for the same customers. The aim of the given work is the study of monopolistic competition. The paper consists of introduction, body, conclusion and bibliography. In the introduction the aim of the work is defined and the structure of the paper is described. The body gives the definition of monopolistic competition, studies it main characteristics and comments on the main advantages and disadvantages of monopolistic competition. Conclusion sums up the results of the study. Bibliography comprises the list of references used when carrying out the work. MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION Monopolistic competition  is a type of  imperfect competition  such that competing producers sell products that are  differentiated  from one another as good but not perfect  substitutes, such as from branding, quality, or location. In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms. In a monopolistically competitive market, firms can behave like  monopolies  in the  short run, including by using market power to generate profit. In the  long run, however, other firms enter the market and the benefits of differentiation decrease with competition; the market becomes more like a  perfectly competitive  one where firms cannot gain economic profit. In practice, however, if consumer rationality/innovativeness is low and heuristics are preferred,  monopolistic competition  can fall into  natural monopoly, even in the complete absence of government intervention. In the presence of coercive government, monopolistic competition will fall into  government-granted monopoly. Unlike perfect competition, the firm maintains spare capacity. Models of monopolistic competition are often used to model industries. Examples of industries with market structures similar to monopolistic competition include  restaurants,  cereal,  clothing,  shoes, and service industries in large cities. The â€Å"founding father† of the theory of monopolistic competition is  Edward Hastings Chamberlin, who wrote a pioneering book on the subject  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Theory of Monopolistic Competition†Ã‚  (1933). Joan Robinson  published a book  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Economics of Imperfect Competition†Ã‚  with a comparable theme of distinguishing perfect from imperfect competition. Monopolistically competitive markets have the following characteristics: * There are many producers and many consumers in the market, and no business has total control over the market price. * Consumers perceive that there are non-price differences among the competitors' products. There are few  barriers to entry  and exit. * Producers have a degree of control over price. The long-run characteristics of a monopolistically competitive market are almost the same as a perfectly competitive market. Two differences between the two are that monopolistic competition produces heterogeneous products and that monopolistic competition involves a great deal of non-price competition, which is based on subtle product differentiation. A firm making profits in the short run will nonetheless only  break even  in the long run because demand will decrease and average total cost will increase. This means in the long run, a monopolistically competitive firm will make zero  economic profit. This illustrates the amount of influence the firm has over the market; because of brand loyalty, it can raise its prices without losing all of its customers. This means that an individual firm's demand curve is downward sloping, in contrast to perfect competition, which has a  perfectly elastic  demand schedule. Monopolistically competitive markets exhibit the following characteristics: 1. Each firm makes independent decisions about price and output, based on its product, its market, and its  costs of production. . Knowledge is widely spread between participants, but it is unlikely to be perfect. For example, diners can review all the menus available from restaurants in a town, before they make their choice. Once inside the restaurant, they can view the menu again, before ordering. However, they cannot fully appreciate the restaurant or the meal until after they have dined. 3. The   entrepreneur  has a more significant role than in firms that are perfectly competitive because of the increased risks associated with decision making. 4. There is freedom to enter or leave the market, as there are no major  barriers to entry  or exit. 5. A central feature of monopolistic competition is that products are differentiated. There are four main types of differentiation: a. Physical product differentiation, where firms use size, design, colour, shape, performance, and features to make their products different. For example, consumer electronics can easily be physically differentiated. b. Marketing differentiation, where firms try to differentiate their product by distinctive packaging and other promotional techniques. For example, breakfast cereals can easily be differentiated through packaging. c. Human capital differentiation, where the firm creates differences through the skill of its employees, the level of training received, distinctive uniforms, and so on. d. Differentiation through distribution, including distribution via mail order or through internet shopping, such as Amazon. com, which differentiates itself from traditional bookstores by selling online. 6. Firms are  price makers  and are faced with a downward sloping  demand curve. Because each firm makes a unique product, it can charge a higher or lower price than its rivals. The firm can set its own price and does not have to ‘take' it from the industry as a whole, though the industry price may be a guideline, or becomes a constraint. This also means that the demand curve will slope downwards. 7. Firms  operating under monopolistic competition usually  have to engage in advertising. Firms are often in fierce competition with other (local) firms offering a similar product or service, and may need to advertise on a local basis, to let customers know their differences. Common methods of advertising for these firms are through local press and radio, local cinema, posters, leaflets and special promotions. 8. Monopolistically competitive firms are assumed to be  profit maximisers  because firms tend to be small with entrepreneurs actively involved in managing the business. 9. There are usually a large numbers of independent firms competing in the market. Product differentiation Monopolistic competition firms sell products that have real or perceived non-price differences. However, the differences are not so great as to eliminate other goods as substitutes. Technically, the cross price elasticity of demand between goods in such a market is positive. In fact, the XED would be high. Monopolistic competition goods are best described as close but imperfect substitutes. The goods perform the same basic functions but have differences in qualities such as type, style, quality, reputation, appearance, and location that tend to distinguish them from each other. For example, the basic function of motor vehicles is basically the same – to move people and objects from point A to B in reasonable comfort and safety. Yet there are many different types of motor vehicles such as motor scooters, motor cycles, trucks, cars and SUVs and many variations even within these categories. There are many firms in each monopolistic competition product group and many firms on the side lines prepared to enter the market. A product group is a â€Å"collection of similar products†. The fact that there are â€Å"many firms† gives each MC firm the freedom to set prices without engaging in strategic decision making regarding the prices of other firms and each firm's actions have a negligible impact on the market. For example, a firm could cut prices and increase sales without fear that its actions will prompt retaliatory responses from competitors. How many firms will an MC market structure support at market equilibrium? The answer depends on factors such as fixed costs, economies of scale and the degree of product differentiation. For example, the higher the fixed costs, the fewer firms the market will support. Also the greater the degree of product differentiation – the more the firm can separate itself from the pack – the fewer firms there will be at market equilibrium. In the long run there is free entry and exit. There are numerous firms waiting to enter the market each with its own â€Å"unique† product or in pursuit of positive profits and any firm unable to cover its costs can leave the market without incurring liquidation costs. This assumption implies that there are low start up costs, no sunk costs and no exit costs. The cost of entering and exit is very low. Each monopolistic competition firm independently sets the terms of exchange for its product. The firm gives no consideration to what effect its decision may have on competitors. The theory is that any action will have such a negligible effect on the overall market demand that an MC firm can act without fear of prompting heightened competition. In other words each firm feels free to set prices as if it were a monopoly rather than an oligopoly. Monopolistic competition firms have some degree of market power. Market power means that the firm has control over the terms and conditions of exchange. An MC firm can raise it prices without losing all its customers. The firm can also lower prices without triggering a potentially ruinous price war with competitors. The source of an MC firm's market power is not barriers to entry since they are low. Rather, an MC firm has market power because it has relatively few competitors, those competitors do not engage in strategic decision making and the firms sells differentiated product. Market power also means that an MC firm faces a downward sloping demand curve. The demand curve is highly elastic although not â€Å"flat†. There are two sources of inefficiency in the MC market structure. First, at its optimum output the firm charges a price that exceeds marginal costs, the MC firm maximizes profits where MR = MC. Since the MC firm's demand curve is downward sloping this means that the firm will be charging a price that exceeds marginal costs. The monopoly power possessed by an MC firm means that at its profit maximizing level of production there will be a net loss of consumer (and producer) surplus. The second source of inefficiency is the fact that MC firms operate with excess capacity. That is, the MC firm's profit maximizing output is less than the output associated with minimum average cost. Both a PC and MC firm will operate at a point where demand or price equals average cost. For a PC firm this equilibrium condition occurs where the perfectly elastic demand curve equals minimum average cost. A MC firm’s demand curve is not flat but is downward sloping. Thus in the long run the demand curve will be tangent to the long run average cost curve at a point to the left of its minimum. The result is excess capacity. While monopolistically competitive firms are inefficient, it is usually the case that the costs of regulating prices for every product that is sold in monopolistic competition far exceed the benefits of such regulation. The government would have to regulate all firms that sold heterogeneous products—an impossible proposition in a  market economy. A monopolistically competitive firm might be said to be marginally inefficient because the firm produces at an output where average total cost is not a minimum. A monopolistically competitive market might be said to be a marginally inefficient market structure because marginal cost is less than price in the long run. Another concern of critics of monopolistic competition is that it fosters  advertising  and the creation of  brand names. Critics argue that advertising induces customers into spending more on products because of the name associated with them rather than because of rational factors. Defenders of advertising dispute this, arguing that brand names can represent a guarantee of quality and that advertising helps reduce the cost to consumers of weighing the tradeoffs of numerous competing brands. There are unique information and information processing costs associated with selecting a brand in a monopolistically competitive environment. In a monopoly market, the consumer is faced with a single brand, making information gathering relatively inexpensive. In a perfectly competitive industry, the consumer is faced with many brands, but because the brands are virtually identical information gathering is also relatively inexpensive. In a monopolistically competitive market, the consumer must collect and process information on a large number of different brands to be able to select the best of them. In many cases, the cost of gathering information necessary to selecting the best brand can exceed the benefit of consuming the best brand instead of a randomly selected brand. Evidence suggests that consumers use information obtained from advertising not only to assess the single brand advertised, but also to infer the possible existence of brands that the consumer has, heretofore, not observed, as well as to infer consumer satisfaction with brands similar to the advertised brand The advantages of monopolistic competition Monopolistic competition can bring the following advantages: 1. There are no significant  barriers to entry; therefore markets are relatively  contestable. 2. Differentiation creates diversity, choice and utility. For example, a typical high street in any town will have a number of different restaurants from which to choose. 3. The market is more efficient than monopoly but less efficient than perfect competition – less allocatively and less productively efficient. However, they may be dynamically efficient, innovative in terms of new production processes or new products. For example, retailers often constantly have to develop new ways to attract and retain local custom. The disadvantages of monopolistic competition There are several potential disadvantages associated with monopolistic competition, including: 1. Some differentiation does not create utility but generates unnecessary waste, such as excess packaging. Advertising may also be considered wasteful, though most is informative rather than persuasive. 2. As the diagram illustrates, assuming profit maximisation, there is allocative inefficiency in both the long and short run. This is  because price is above marginal cost in both cases. In the long run the firm is less allocatively inefficient, but it is still inefficient. . There is a tendency for excess capacity because firms can never fully exploit their fixed factors because mass production is difficult. This means they are  productively inefficient  in both the long and short run. However, this is may be outweighed by the advantages of diversity and choice. As an economic model of competition, monopolistic competition is more realistic than perfect competition – many famil iar and commonplace markets have many of the characteristics of this model. Conclusion Our study gives us an opportunity to come to the following conclusion. Monopolistic competition is a  market structure  in which several or many  sellers  each produce similar, but  slightly  differentiated  products. Each producer  can set its  price  and quantity without affecting the marketplace as a whole. Monopolistic competition differs from perfect competition in that production does not take place at the lowest possible cost. Because of this, firms are left with excess production capacity. It is a type of competition within an industry where: * All firms produce similar yet not perfectly substitutable products. All firms are able to enter the industry if the profits are attractive. * All firms are profit maximizers. * All firms have some market power, which means none are price takers. Monopolistic competition has certain features, one of which is that there are large number of sellers producing differentiated products. So, competition among them is very keen. Since number of sellers is large, each seller produces a very smal l part of market supply. So no seller is in a position to control price of product. Every firm is limited in its size. Product differentiation is one of the most important features of monopolistic competition. In perfect competition, products are homogeneous in nature. On the contrary, here, every producer tries to keep his product dissimilar than his rival's product in order to maintain his separate identity. This boosts up the competition in market. So, every firm acquires some monopoly power. The feature of freedom of entry and exit leads to stiff competition in market. Free entry into the market enables new firms to come with close substitutes. Free entry or exit maintains normal profit in the market for a longer span of time. Selling cost is another unique feature of monopolistic competition. In such type of market, due to product differentiation, every firm has to incur some additional expenditure in the form of selling cost. This cost includes sales promotion expenses, advertisement expenses, salaries of marketing staff, etc. And the last feature of monopolistic competition is that a firm is facing downward sloping demand curve i. e. elastic demand curve. It means one can sell more at lower price and vice versa. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Ayers R. and Collinge R. , Microeconomics, Pearson, 2003 2. J. Gans, S. King, N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, Thomson Learning, 2003 3. Hirschey, M, Managerial Economics Rev. Ed, Dryden, 2000 4. http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/390037/monopolistic-competition 5. http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/monopolisticmarket. asp 6. http://kalyan-city. blogspot. com/2010/11/monopolistic-competition-meaning. html