The Materials and Appropriation of Tracey Emin

Tracey Karima Emin or better known as Tracey Emin was originally born in London in 1963, she was brought up in Margate with her twin brother Paul by their mother from a very early age (hence the well known nickname, ‘Mad Tracey from Margate’). From a very early age Emin was subjected to sexual abuse, which in turn has been the subject for a substantial amount of her work including sexual nature. Emin attended the Royal College of Art in which she gained an MA in painting. But Emin has described this period in her life as a negative experience, as she felt as though the other students attending the college were far too posh, thus creating an alienated experience. â€Å"Emin has described feeling conspicuously different and alienated from other students. † (Brown, 2006, page 16) Emin is also a member of the Young British Artists group (YBAs) and it is also wildly known that Emin came up with the name for the Stuckism movement in which her boyfriend at the time Billy Childish was a member of. It is believed that the name for this movement came about by Emin claiming that his oeuvre was ‘stuck’. â€Å"Your paintings are stuck, you are stuck! – Stuck! Stuck! Stuck! (That is, stuck in the past for not accepting the YBA approach to art). † http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tracey_Emin 16/11/2010 So who is Tracey Emin? Is she a painter, print maker, photographer, instalaitionist, film maker, sculptor or writer? I would actually consider Tracey Emin to be all of these professions, including much more, due to the wide variety of her skills. Her work consists of a number of techniques that we, as the viewer, have seen since she has been in the public eye from the early 1990’s. The range of materials Emin has used (and still uses to this very day) is very vast indeed. There are very few artists out there in the world who use such an amount. Instead of just complying with the normal standard of art and just subjecting herself to a limited supply of materials, but then again most contemporary artists tend to think outside the box and do not want to conform to normality. The main piece of Oeuvre that I was to talk analyse is Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963-1995 1995, otherwise known as ‘The Tent’ (fig 1 and 2). This was originally shown at the South London Gallery as part of a group show called ‘Minky Manky’, which substantionaly became the turning point in Emins career. In regards to the materials Emin has used, the overall body of this piece is actually a shop brought tent (ready made object), which is the shape of a hexagon. It makes me wonder how Emin came about in deciding that this was the tent to use. I can just imagine Emin visiting a substantial number of retail shops searching for ‘the right tent’. Maybe this tent in particular just had that ‘ju ne se qua’ about it that drew Emin towards using it. She has also introduced more forms of materials such as an old mattress that she has placed inside of the tent with the text ‘with myself, always myself, never forgetting ‘appliqued on the bottom of the mattress in the centre. Inside of this small tent Emin has listed all the names of everyone that she has ever slept with during the time period in the title, 102 in fact. Her use of re- appropriating in regards to the appliques method which also includes the use of materials also used in this piece is something that I will be looking into a little later on. I find this really intriguing, as the use of appliques is quite an old fashioned way of making art these days. For centuries women all over the world had used this technique as a simple way of passing the time, as it was not even considered art in itself, and yet here we have a Young British Artist using this old fashioned method as part of her core work. Emin has even used this very same method in other pieces of her work including ‘Hate and Power can be a Terrible Thing 2004’. Now at first I thought this was an arbitrary shameless exhibition of her past sexual conquests. But when I took the time to look at the pictures of ‘The Tent’ (As it would now be impossible to view this in any art gallery, as it was destroyed in an unfortunate fire at the Saatchi Gallery in 2004), I was able to see that included in those names are members of her family, including her twin brother and also her unborn children i. e. , foetus 1 and 2. As I have already mentioned, that this could have been portrayed as an exhibition of past sexual conquests, Emin claims herself that all of the people she has named within the tent are in fact about intimacy and purely nothing sexual. â€Å"Some I’d had a shag with in bed or against a wall, some I had just slept with, like my Grandma. I used to lay in her bed and hold her hand. We used to listen to the radio together and nod off to sleep. You don’t do that with someone you don’t care about†. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Everyone_I_Have_Ever_Slept_With_1963%E2%80%931995 23/10/10 I know from reading about Tracey Emin regarding this piece that the members of the audience that went to view this piece, have said that when they emerged from he tent they were thinking about their own past lives, including the people they have cared about â€Å"Some observers found the action of climbing inside the tent to read the names strangely intimate. http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/3753541. stm 15/11/2010 This just goes to show that she has deliberately played with our minds to make us instantly think about what she wants us to think about, and that is those we care a great deal about. As Emin has said herself, it’s all about the communication. She has more or less re-appropriated this method and made it her own. Instead of sewing the regular ideals of something traditional such as a quilt or clothes in that matter, that would usually be commissioned using this historical method, she has re-invented this technique and used it for something to express her past sexual experiences through the representations of her own body, not necessarily physically for the viewer to see, but through the senses in ways that Emin portrays by symbolising the names of her past. Could Emin be playing with the Signs and Codes of ‘The Tent’? I honestly believe that she could well be. I feel that she is trying to tell us through When it comes to discussing such signs and codes Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) believed that the signs and codes where a way in which the artists and audience could communicate. â€Å"Saussure believed that all of culture is made up of signs. That is to say, social life is characterised by the circulation and exchange of forms to which convention has been given meaning. A sign for Saussure is simply any device through which human beings communicate to each other†. Ward, 2003, page 83) However all of these names have been Appliqued, are those of family, friends and boyfriends (One of which is her former boyfriend Billy Childish). When I think about the signs and codes Emin has used, I start to wonder, did she do this on purpose? Is she forcing me as a member of the audience to subconsciously think about all of the people that I have ever cared about in my own life? As Emin has stated in the quote above that this piece is about intimacy. I believe that Emin has truly cared about all of these names at some point in her own life, as the time and effort she has taken to create this. The use of appliques, which is the term for sewing fabric directly on top of more fabric, of which she has used to attach all of the 102 names inside. This is in itself is a time consuming process and I believe that this is truly a sign to show that she has put as much effort into creating this Oeuvre as much as she did with the relationships in her life. Tracey Emin also uses representations of the body in a number of her drawings and monoprints. Here she uses the method of monprint as a way of capturing her thoughts and ideas. Usually these thoughts are again to do with her turbulent past. When you look at her drawings such as Suffer Love II, 2009 (fig 3) in which you can only see of what is presumably Emins own body is that of two naked legs erotically spread open wearing high heel shoes , you can see who her influences are e. g. Egon Shiele (fig 4). â€Å"Schiele’s eroticism and emphasis on childhood sexuality took this interest to a moral extreme. His depictions of childhood sexuality are a dangerous theme, and one shared by Emin†. (Brown, 2006, page 29) Here you can see that she is expressing her thoughts entirely just by a simple yet effective drawing. Both of the artist’s drawings are very alike in terms of the irrational lines that express how they must have been feeling at the time they were produced. Although Emins work is mostly of sexual emotions, her work does engage the audience. â€Å"Emin is a storyteller whose subject matter comes from Emin's own rich life. Through the poetry of her honest retelling of unique and intimate life-events Emin establishes a generous dialogue between the viewer and the artist. † http://www. saatchi-gallery. co. uk/artists/tracey_emin. htm 20/10/2010 Although some of her work can be quite controversial. Everybody at some point over the years has heard of Tracey Emin either through television or from reading newspapers and magazines, regarding her radical use of her exploration of her own body and personal past life. Her work is very autobiographical, in which her main source of study is herself, and about her past experiences in which she obviously wants to share with us. I would say that in that situation she must either be very naive or just completely an exhibitionist. At first I was unsure as to why I should write my essay on Tracey Emin, but after researching her, I have come to understand the ‘method in her madness’ so to speak. The way in which your mind starts to think in overdrive in how and why she creates such pieces of oeuvre and why she mostly only concentrates on certain parts of her past. I feel that all she is trying to achieve is basically instead of writing a book on her past life, she is giving us the visual experience instead, as sometime books can literally be boring with their little pictures and overrated text, but Emin takes away the boring text and replaces them with bold, brass exploiting words that make you want to read and want to learn more about her.

Review of Related Literature and Studies Essay

This chapter deals with the review of Literatures and Studies. It also presents the synthesis of the review and its relevance to the present study. Related Literature AMA student Kariz Reinalyn B. Galano (et. al. Don Ricardo C. Lazaro, Rozmaigne Ann L. Sebastian, Kevin Patrick E. Viesca) (2012) cited in their approved thesis proposal at present ACLC has three hundred sixty five students enrolled. The institution is currently using a manual system in their Library and has weak security. Students can borrow books but need to return it within 5 school days. There is no proper monitoring on books being returned. There are no penalties imposed to the students as well. The only way the librarian will find out if there are still pending books not returned is during the end of semester at the inventory period. The librarian then will not sign the clearance of the students who failed to return the books. Another problem is the list of inventory of books. The students need to go and ask for the librarian’s assistance in order for them to search for the books. Karen Foss (2010), Library Director of the Catawba County Library System in Newton, North Carolina has expressed that it is difficult to find materials to help new public library managers cultivate their professional development. Most of the research and writings on library management have focused on academic libraries and only recently has there been more interest in the administration of public libraries. The skill and style of public library managers – the directors, branch managers, and department and service managers who are leading these institutions – strongly affects the culture of a public library. Library staff looks to these managers to help them navigate through the rapid changes that are occurring in public libraries as these changes in technology, roles, and user expectations strongly alter their daily routines of public service. Contemporary library managers need a wider array of skills and attributes than their earlier and more traditional counterparts and will need to seek continual professional development to remain effective as public libraries transition into the twenty-first century. These managers will also need to distinguish between management and leadership skills and learn to identify and mentor leaders within their staff who can assist in the transition. According to Alvin javelosa (2011) library is a collection of books, resources, and services, and the structure in which it is housed; it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. The term â€Å"library† has itself acquired a secondary meaning: â€Å"a collection of useful material for common use,† and in this sense is used in fields such as computer science, mathematics, statistics, electronics and biology. this study will help the library personnel or the librarian in monitoring the books accurately. Further, the use of cataloguing will be made easier through an advance system provided by this study. The librarian is encountering problems in doing transactions like borrowing books, checking the availability of books, returning and accessioning of books because all the transactions are being done manually. The process is time consuming. This proposed system will provide their library a computerized system making it more organized and easy to access. The advantage of this study is to make their current system more effective and efficient. This computerized library system is a transaction processing system (TPS) that will provide a convenient cataloguing, inventory, monitoring, accessioning, borrowing, returning, security and retrieving of records. html) According to Mohd Fairuz Anwar Bin Mahadi (2005), The Library management system will store all the books and members information that consist book number, book title, author name and racks to the system database. The system also provides search function to help students find the book by number of book. Search functions will search through the books database to look for the book and view where the book is situated. For the administrator user, only librarians have access to view or edit data from the system databases. Administrator user will handle administrative functions such create new LMS user account and decide the number of days allowed for the borrowed books. User needs to enter correct password and user id before user can access this function. From here, user can add, delete or update the book and borrower database. (http://library. utem. edu. my/index2. php? option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=3761&Itemid=208) According to Donna M. Salinas (2010) Library is the best place in the school where the students review and study. It is the place where students study so our group aims to improve the manual operation of the library system. We thought of something that makes the time of students and library personnel decreases for searching and borrowing of books. (http://www. scribd. com/doc/56632694/library-system) Related Studies: According to Shelagh (2001) Fisher library management system is becoming marginalized in the context of ICT developments currently taking place within the library sector because suppliers have failed to keep up with such developments, or have been more concerned with keeping up with the changes in the core functions. The aim of this research, therefore, was to determine the feasibility of developing and disseminating a model system specification which could be used to assist and guide libraries in the procurement of library management systems. The premise was that if a core set of requirements for library management systems, as articulated by purchasing libraries, could be identified, it followed that it would be feasible to develop a model specification or ‘toolkit’ on which procuring libraries could draw. Identification of a potential core set of requirements could be identified primarily by undertaking analyses of  specifications produced by libraries for the tendering process in acquiring a library management system. Thus forty-one specifications were collected from libraries which had recently acquired a library management system, and these were subjected to various levels of analysis. The results are reported in Section 4. Secondly, it was decided that as library system suppliers were in receipt of large numbers of specifications produced by procuring library authorities they were in a strong position to comment on the feasibility, and desirability, of developing a model specification. Thus, a survey of UK system suppliers was undertaken to determine the collective view of suppliers on the role, content, quality and usefulness of the specification as a procurement tool. The results of the survey are reported in Section 5. A detailed account of the methods used in this Study is provided in Section 3. The next section (Section 2) provides a review of the literature on the role and content of specifications, and identifies weaknesses in approaches to producing specifications for the purchase of library systems. (et. al. Rachel Delbridge, Sian Lambert) (http://www. cerlim. ac. uk/projects/harmonise/harmonise. pdf). According to Veronica Adamson (2008) Changes in society and technology are impacting significantly on UK HE libraries and consequently on their management systems. Demographic changes, political and economic drivers are affecting university services and funding structures, and a ‘new realism’ of pragmatic economic and business considerations presides. (JISC & SCONUL LMS Study Report, March 2008) Library management systems have developed in response to technical advances and user requirements, mainly in developing electronic interfaces, refining standards and access protocols, purchasing and acquisition processes and cataloguing systems. Increasing globalization of goods, services and communities means that technical platforms are now developed on an international basis and implemented for a worldwide network of users and contributors. A new market for library services and information provision has emerged, with Google and Amazon as a de facto paradigm and metaphor for discovery and delivery. Perceptions of the role and function of the university library are changing, developing and often conflicting, particularly in relation to the provision for collection and circulation, resource discovery, ownership and control, personalization  and seamless access to resources. Enhancing usability and accessibility for an increasingly diverse user community is of increasing importance for libraries. Today’s library users expect speed and immediacy of information discovery, one-stop access to aggregated services, user-generated open content, and personalized, workflow-related delivery to the desktop. (et. al. Paul Bacsich, Ken Chad, David Kay, Jane Plenderleith) (http://www. jisc. ac. uk/media/documents/programmes/resourcediscovery/lmsstudy. pdf). According to Herrera C Rocio (1987) the work habits of users in any activity requiring information, the importance they attach to obtaining it and the facilities at their disposal, their knowledge of these facilities, their assessment of their value and the possibility of their obtaining what they are looking for are the factors that affect user behaviour in the quest for information. The behaviour of the users of university libraries specifically is affected, in addition to the above factors, by others directly related to the university environment, such as teaching methods and the type of education provided. The country’s education system is a teaching-learning process largly consisting in an essentially repetitive pattern in which the student consumes and reproduces the concepts transmitted by the teacher. This model is mainly based on the university lecture system, in which the teacher simply gives a course of study and provides the pupil with a brief bibliography consisting basically of texts. The result has been that education has not become a critical and creative process and library resources have accordingly been under-utilized. As regards the response to the information services provided by university libraries, it can be said that research workers do not use the services properly since the role of the library as an agent for the transfer of information has been disregarded in the research process, this type of user tending to acquire information through informal channels of communication, such as personal contacts with other colleagues. In its turn, the library has neglected its task as a constituent part of the research enterprise, forgetting that one of the priorities of the university, in addition to its teaching role, is that of research, which is the source of much knowledge of benefit not only to the university but also to the community in general. The university library should pay special attention to ascertaining not only the specific information needs of each type of user but also user behaviour patterns in the information retrieval process, in order that these needs may be met and the factors responsible for the non-use of the library restricted to a minimum. This will be achieved through an appropriate methodology for conducting user studies, which will then provide guidelines for the organization of user training or instruction courses aimed at the various groups. These courses will influence the future response of users to information services. Since user behaviour in the information retrieval process determines the level of library-user interaction, continual monitoring by the librarian of changes in that behaviour is necessary. These changes are dependent not only on information needs but also on the possible impact of the introduction of new services. This shows that, over and above the matter of training in the use of library resources, user behaviour presents a number of special features, largely reflecting the fact that the information needs of those concerned are not well defined and that their request for information are consequently vague and very general. It follows that library staff should bear in mind their active role in promoting and publicizing their services and resources since, despite the continual emphasis placed on the role of information in development, it has been shown that users tend to dispense with non-essential information, the usual practice being to rely on memory, to evade the problem or to solve it with vague or incomplete information. However, it should not be overlooked that there is another group of users who consult libraries actively and effectively in order to satisfy their information needs; although accessibility influences the use that they make of resources, the most important thing for this group is their confidence and faith in the information system. (c Loreto M. Libia and Rua R. Ivan) (http://www. unesco. org/webworld/ramp/html/r8722e/r8722e0l. htm) According Neelakdan,B (2010) a sincere attempt has been made towards finding out ways and means for automating activities in the School of Chemistry Library. The objective of this study is to use the Koha Open Source software system for the automation of the major day ­ to ­day activities of the various section of the School of Chemistry Library, which is tiresome and cumbersome. After the investigation, the researcher has found that Koha Software is more suitable for the library Automation. This project had the basic objective of designing a bibliographic database for the School of Chemistry library, with which the automation of circulation routines is carried out. From this point of view it may be concluded that Koha is a useful package for the creation of a database and for information retrieval. This set of Manuals for the automation of circulation section is tested with the database created from the collection of chemistry department library. A sample database for a few thousand works and a database of the users/borrowers are created. With that test sample the Manuals for each function of the circulation section is tested with the available computer system. Koha is an integrated software system with all the required models for small to very large libraries. It is found that this automation projects will serve as a model for any library. (http://www. ipublishing. co. in/jarvol1no12010/EIJAER1014. pdf) According to Dio P. Doble (2011) A college strengthens its educational level through the advancement of its library. The Botolan Community College Computerized Library System aimed to enhance the procedures of the library, from manually operated to a computerized system. This proposal’s purpose was to ease the transactions in the library, i,e. , leading of books, storing of books, search engine for books, manage members of the library and secure the library system. The librarian and the library users still use the manual way of transacting of borrowing and returning of books. The librarian use log books in listing the books. They use library cards and card catalogues in searching for reading and reference materials. (http://www. scribd. com/doc/99431218/Computerized-Library-System).

Short Biography: Carlos Flores

My name is Carlos Roberto Flores Facusse and I am the presiding President of the Liberal Party. I was born on March 1, 1950 in the Honduran capital of Tegucigalpa to Oscar A. Flores and Margarita Facusse Flores. I am a graduate from LSU, getting an undergraduate in industrial engineering and a master degree in international trade and finance. While at LSU, I developed my leadership qualities by becoming the President of the Honduras Student Association and chartering the first and only Hispanic fraternity on campus known as Phi Iota Alpha.Outside of academics, I would also find my future wife Mary Flakes at LSU; soon after receiving my master’s degree, we got married in 1974. After getting married, my wife and I returned to Honduras where I began participating in private and public committees such as the Honduran Central Bank and the Institute of Social Security. Additionally, I went to work at La Tribuna, the largest newspaper in Honduras that my father co-founded. During the 70's, I became part of political life, joining the Liberal Party.I would become a congressman, representing the department (similar to a province) of Francisco Morazan. This experience served as a stepping stone to my later success in the party as I became Minister of the Presidency (equivalent to Vice President) under the rule of liberal president Roberto Suazo from 1982 to 1984. In 1994, I became President of the Congress; four years later, I was nominated and eventually became the President of Honduras.During my presidency’s infancy, I was hit with the huge challenge: Hurricane Mitch. Hurricane Mitch killed thousands of people, displaced millions more, and destroyed the national economy; Honduras was looking at a minimal of 20 years to recover from what little we had. I orchestrated the successful raising of over $600 million of international aid from financial institutions and countries and these funds were directed at rebuilding Honduras' infrastructure, agricultural an d industrial economic sectors.My presidency was also marked by strengthening of the constitution, reducing the power of the military in the political operations of the country, and passing a new penal code, which in part created a new, independent Supreme Court. As to the issues at hand, I am deeply concerned with the road that President Zelaya is on. Although on the surface he portrays a people-oriented, country-enhancing dogma to his constituency, the actions President Zelaya are making forecast a different vision entirely – one that Latin American countries have seen all too well.From siding with ALBA soon after his presidency began to economic and social policies that hurt not only his party but the Honduran people to siding against the United States (one of our trusted allies), President Zelaya’s work so far should remind even the highest supporters of Zelaya of Venezuela and their woes with Hugo Chavez. As the head of his party, I and the Liberal Party have been weary of where his loyalties lie and his true motives as president as he consistently alienates his party â€Å"supporters† by doing things almost unilaterally.Now, with these new developments of â€Å"polling† the country in order to change the constitution and consider â€Å"re-elections† is absurd. We as a party, a people, and a country cannot stand to watch Honduras become Venezuela when we have been democratic for so long; thus, I, along with others I hope, will do what is necessary within our respective areas to not only prevent this â€Å"poll† from happening but to reign in Zelaya in order to remind him that he is in fact the President of Honduras and not the President of himself.In the same vein, fixing the power struggle between the three branches of government can be done with functioning parts, starting with the President. If the President and the Congress are unwilling, for whatever reason, to communicate, compromise, and collaborate when nec essary, then all that can be accomplished is a war between the abusive power of the President versus the manipulation of the law by those who write it. When I was the President of Honduras, I made some changes in the way the legislative, judiciary, and executive branches worked together in order to get the most order in the country.I moved judicial and penal reforms forward, established an anticorruption commission, and got the passage of a new penal code based on the oral accusatorial system and a law that created an independent Supreme Court. I did this in the hopes of creating a ground work for more accountability toward the stronger legislative and executive parts of our country. Additionally, while still being loyal to my party, I have respected both sides of the isle in policy making and debate to ensure that the best laws were written and discussed for the sake of the people.Unbalance of power starts with an open President who doesn’t have himself as number one. It qui ckly branches outward to demanding the respect of the Congress and receiving due communication between the President and the other two branches of the government. Lastly, each branch has to be strong independent of the others and able to work independently of the other parts while cognizant of how their actions affect the other branches. When we are able to enact a plan like this, then and only then will see the cohesiveness of a people and a country of Honduras.The foreign policy of Honduras and the problems thereof are strongly tied to the problem of our President. Because of his actions, our relationship with the United States is weakening while our bond to Venezuela and to a lesser extent Cuba are becoming not only more evident but stronger. This problem in my eyes is relatively simple: cut the source to kill the head. We as a body need to find creative and advantageous ways to remove the ties to Hugo Chavez and remind our President that he presides over Honduras the democratic country and not Venezuela the dictatorial country.By aligning ourselves with the U. S. , we are able to not only keep the freedoms we have but able to prevent jeopardizing our country’s international image by associating with a volatile government as Venezuela’s. As we say in Spanish, â€Å"Dime con quien andas y te dire quien eres† (Rough English translation: Birds of a feather flock together); Honduras would be much better off flying with the United States. Although there are few specific actions that can be considered â€Å"mine† in any of the topics, I am highly aware of the power I hold and the actions I am able to produce.As the leader of the Liberal Party, I am able to lead 48. 5% of the Congress in order to make decisions not only about our President’s â€Å"queries on constitutional reformation† but also about rebalancing our branches of government and to a lesser extent Honduran foreign policy. Additionally, I believe that my work in the private and the public sector and my previous presidential role allows me to communicate and work with business sectors and the legislative and military sectors via prior experience to help any other situations that might arise.

Tower Project Description Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tower Project Description - Research Paper Example Objective To construct television station facilities Scope 1. Construct a 340-feet television antenna tower 2. Construct a building for the transmission and electrical equipment 3. Stock electrical equipment, site preparation, the building and the connecting cable. Monte Carlo Simulation Monte Carlo simulation is a significant demonstrating and analyzing technique. This method manages project risks and poor decisions. Monte Carlo simulation uses calculated data thus allowing program managers to explain and communicate project expectations in a clear way. Monte Carlo technique if combined with training and appropriate education in risk management can lead to effective project execution. In this project of tower construction, the technique (Monte Carlo) analyzes the effects of risk and poor decisions in plan budgets of a project and project performance. For instance, project completion time and required budget are analyzed. In the construction of the tower project, Monte Carlo will be used in two key areas: Area of cost management and to calculate the risk level of the project budget (scheduled date of project completion). The method will explain how it helps the project manager in responding to queries like, how to meet project due date and how long the project will take (McLeish 87). Time Management in Tower Project Monte Carlo will be applied to the project planning to calculate the confidence of project completion. The manager, contract administrative staff, the project engineer and the industrial engineer should have the target of the project completion date (project period). The functions and the duration to each activity should be estimated properly to avoid delays. The project activities and timeframe in this project are well documented. Monte Carlo uses a three-point assessment to streamline the practice of time management. The three-point durations are: best-case durations, worst case and the expert provision (the most-likely duration). The project mana ger fits these three estimates to a duration possibility distribution. For instance we have normal and beta distribution for the activities. When the simulation is complete, the probability of completing the project on a certain date is communicated by the manager. This probability allows the project manager to set schedules for the project (McLeish 105). Cost Management in Tower Project Monte Carlo simulation is used by the project management to better understand the project budget and approximate the final budget. It involves the assigning of distribution to the project cost rather than assigning a probability distribution to the project activities duration. The approximations are usually formed by a project cost expert. The ultimate product is a probability distribution of the ultimate total project costs. This distribution of the ultimate total costs is used by the project manager to set aside budget reserves. Monte Carlo Simulation can also be used in project management, progra m and portfolio management. In the Tower project, Monte Carlo Simulation is used in the construction of the project to comprehend certain risks to this project: man-made risks, natural and environmental risks to the project (McLeish 127).This allows for early detection and mitigation of the risks before they occur. Monte Carlo points out uncertainties in this project for understanding and mitigating them. Khamooshi-Cioffi (USM) Model This is a method of presentation accepted risks, impacts and probabilities of the life in a project. Project manager and stakeholders in the Tower project can decide risk acceptance and set aside equivalent possibility funds. This method uses a

CORPORATE RESEARCH PAPER about US airways Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CORPORATE about US airways - Research Paper Example The company’s maximum frequency is between New York, Boston and Washington D.C., where it provides hourly services. In order to diversify their operations internationally, the US Airlines decided to merge with American Airlines in February 2013. From the research it was found that if the merger is successful then it has the potential to create the largest airline in the world in terms of global market access. The deal is expected to close by the end of third quarter this year. The key shareholding pattern of the merger is that US Airways would hold 28% stake of merged company where as the American Airlines will hold the remaining 72%. It was also decided between the shareholders’ of both the companies that the merged entity would carry the name and brand of American Airlines and the holding company will be named American Airlines Group Inc. The airline company has reported operating income over USD 425 million for the year ending 2011, with net income over USD 71 millio n. The total asset of the company was found to be USD 8.34 billion for the year ending 2011. The subsidiaries of US Airways are Piedmont Airlines, Inc., Shuttle inc., PSA Airlines, Inc., US Airways Express, Material Service Company, Inc., Airways Assurance Limited, LLC, Mesa Air Group, and Potomac Air, Inc. The following table highlights the breakdown of sales assets and income of US Airways and their involvement in international trades: B. Foreign Exchange (FX) Risk Management Policy The company is centrally managed and the management actively participates in corporate governance. The company also has many subsidiaries that are located in the domestic market as well as the international markets. The subsidiaries of US Airways are Piedmont Airlines, Inc., Shuttle inc., PSA Airlines, Inc., US Airways Express, Material Service Company, Inc., Airways Assurance Limited, LLC, Mesa Air Group, and Potomac Air, Inc. In order to maintain accountability between various divisions, the Board of Directors is represented by the chairman of the company who is the most important individual regarding execution of strategic decisions taken by the Board. The chairman of the company is assisted by vice chairman and many professionals belong to different areas of expertise such as the Finance committee, labor committee, and so on. The parent company of US Airways is the US Airways Group which is headquartered in Tempe, Arizona, United States. The company operates in Aviation sector which requires fuel consumption. The underlying of fuel is the crude oil prices that are very volatile and uncertain. This exposes the company to transactional risk. Also, the company has prominent exposure in international markets which implies that US Airways operates in different currencies. Any appreciation or depreciation of home currency with respect to foreign currency may turn out to be favorable or unfavorable, ultimately exposing the company to translational risk when the company would prepare its consolidated financial statements from collecting data from different subsidiaries (Triantis, pp.558-562). In order to manage these risks the company used currency hedge and forward contracts prior to the year 2008 and reported them in their consolidated financial reports using hedge accounting at fair value of hedged assets and liabilities. C. Use of Derivatives for Funding, Investing and Other price Risk After the third quarter of 2008, US

Natural gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Natural gas - Essay Example In natural gas reservoirs beneath the surface of the earth even the heavier hydrocarbons occur for the most part in gaseous form because of the higher pressures. These heavier hydrocarbons usually liquefy at the surface at normal atmospheric conditions and are produced separately as natural gas liquids (NGLs), either in field separators or in gas processing plants (Speight, 3). How it was discovered and when did they discover it? The discovery of natural gas dates back from ancient times in the Middle East. During that times, there was not any clear understanding about the existence of natural gas and its presence was somewhat of a mystery to man. Such mysteries were attributed to occasional incidents of sudden lightning strikes that would ignite natural gas escaping from under the earth’s crust resulting fire coming from the earth. The value of natural gas as an energy was first recognized in China about 900 BC. In 211 BC, Chinese drilled the first known natural gas well. Fur ther a step ahead they transported the crude gas through bamboo shoots to near sea shore, where it was used to distilled sea water to make it suitable for drinking. In early 1626, a French explorer first times discovered and identified natives igniting gases in America that were seeping into and around Lake Erie. In 1821 in Fredonia, United States, a massive escape of gas was observed in form of bubbles rising to the surface from a creek and an American industrialist and financier William Hart, considered as America’s â€Å"father of natural gas,† dug there the first natural gas well in North America. In Europe, natural gas was first come to known around 1659 when it was discovered in Great Britain. The last century technological development probed that major natural gas reservoirs are laying often in conjunction with crude oil, hence in recent times, major natural gas reservoirs were discovered as a result of searching for crude oil (Speight, 9). The usage of natural gas Since the discovery of natural gas as a heat source by the Chinese about two thousand years ago, the use of natural gas as an energy source has increased tremendously and presently, natural gas is about one quarter of the energy resources of the world (Speight, 21) as shown in fig. 1. Fig. 1 The main use of natural gas is combustion. The heat generated due to burning of gas is either directly or indirectly used for various energy purposes. In direct heating, natural gas is utilized both in residential  and  commercial  heating and cooking purposes. Indirectly the heat generated due to natural gas combustion is used to generate electricity by using gas fired generators, steam turbines, gas turbines and combined cycle power generation units. Another important indirect use of heat generated due to combustion of natural gas is its use as transportation fuel by compressing  natural  gas  (CNG) to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric  pressure (Natural gas report, 3). Except these natural gas is used in many industrial applications including ore smelting, minerals processing, drying  and  dehumidification, glass smelting, food processing, waste treatment and incineration, and fueling industrial boilers. Also natural gas is an essential feedstock for number of for industrial products such as methanol, fertilizers,

How does oil and gas market effect on world economic Coursework

How does oil and gas market effect on world economic - Coursework Example There is no contention or doubt that oil and gas are the major sources of energy in the world, despite the invention of other sources of energy like Nuclear and geothermal energy, oil and gas remain the most crucial and fundamental source of energy. The economy of most countries in the world is dependent upon oil and natural gas; this has been greatly evidenced by the effect of global oil and gas prices on the prices of other basic commodities and the cost of living. This vehemently indicates that the global economy is inextricably bound with the global oil and gas market. Political crisis and interrupting in major petroleum producing countries has often had tremendous effect on global prices of all other industrial commodities. This is because oil and gas energy is the backbone of industrial activities and development. . Other factors affecting the global oil market include technical factors, pricing and marketing, Environmental issues, national security, and public policy choices a nd debates in global oil markets. According to a report released by the International Energy Agency in the year 2011, the top ten oil producers accounted for 63% of the oil produced worldwide. These giant oil producers who have a large share of the Market greatly influence the international oil market. It is also projected that USA is going to overtake Russia as the largest oil producer by 2017. The greatest share of oil production is in the Middle East and political crisis in the last few years has seen a significant increase in global oil and gas prices. ... Market regionalisation would see very great oil price disparities which is mitigated by the oil controlling cartels like OPEC (Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries) OPEC has dominated the global oil market for a very long time and has somehow been effective in pushing the price of oil upwards in favour of oil producers. Due to the impact that the cartel has on the prices of oil and the market in general, there have been claims that the global oil market is not a fair market. This has seen petroleum producing countries realise a lot of wealth from the oil importing countries. The cartel has been effective in keeping the prices of oil higher than it would probably be if controlled by competition in a liberal market. However oil prices are at times greatly affected by world crisis or disasters and also speculation by the traders in this multi Trillion industry The petroleum producing countries greatly impact on the global oil prices by regulating production and supply, especia lly OPEC is very instrumental in regulating production by member states thus affecting supply and demand. The organisation is also involved in marketing of oil of the member states giving them a bigger bargaining power. If traders speculate a reduction in oil, prices they push the prices up, the availability of oil in strategic reserves also affect the global oil market. These include the oil stored in American reserves and refineries and also Saudi Arabia which has a very big reserve. If Saudi Arabia for instance allows release of oil from its strategic reserves, global oil prices tend to go down. Demand of oil and gas also greatly impact on the prevailing prices, this is especially during the

Knowledge managementl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Knowledge managementl - Essay Example Construction Industry has begun to realize that it makes sense to find sub-contractors for parts of their work and leverage on their work to roll out a finally bundled up product. Outsourcing of manufacturing can help companies concentrate of areas of competence whilst a the same time ensuring that the other related tasks are being attended to with necessary know how and skills. A lot of innovative skills are required in order to achieve successful networks of competence that deliver a high cost and long duration construction project. The innovation is almost needed at each point a problem is encountered in a complex construction project. Knowledge and its appropriate management contributes to the cause of innovation on the simple logic that a better knowledge brings forth better solutions. This paper examines these both aspects in UK construction industry milieu at some length. ... In order to serve as an illustration a large sized state construction effort in US can be cited as below: "In most cases, the Department of Finance and Administration's Bureau of Building serves as the construction program manager for state construction projects in Mississippi. The Bureau of Building represents the interests of the entity and exercises independent oversight of the professional contractor and constructor team (i.e., general contractor and sub-contractors). The Bureau of Building, professional team, constructor team, and a building commissioning agent, when applicable, enter a contractual relationship for a project. The Bureau of Building exercises direct oversight of architects, engineers, building commissioning agents and other contract professionals, while it performs indirect supervision of the construction contractors through the primary professional contractor and the building commissioning agent. Because the bureau does not have the in-house capability to perform some of the design and construction tasks that some private construction program managers can provide, it may employ engineers, contract analysts, architects, or construction project administrators to manage and monitor projects. The bureau has authority to compel adherence to contract specifications and schedules, applying sanctions to firms or individuals within the constructor team that do not fulfill their responsibilities"(Joint,2005). The above is a typical example of a construction management situation in rather sedate and structured governmental situation whereas the US construction industry's private sector was far more dynamic and innovative. Construction management had a real early start in the US. In the system of procurement under

Intellectual Disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intellectual Disability - Essay Example One of these is Picture Exchange Communication System or P.E.C.S. This method uses discrete trail training to teach children using visual cues. There are a lot of visual cues available but there is also a Compic-programme computer that one can use in order to teach a student with autism. P.E.C.S teaches to exchange a visual cue on things that the student wants to tell, or when asking for something, or even make comments. He is being reinforced back with snacks or a praise when communication is done and effective. (Marsden, 2002) For example, a student who wants to play with a teddy bear may hand his compic of a teddy bear and teacher will give him a teddy bear to play with. One important advantage of teaching P.E.C.S is that autistic children, when well reinforced, develop less behavior problems. They are happier, less frustrated and more satisfied since their needs are met and their sense of independence is more practiced using this kind of method. This method can easily be administ ered, not only by teachers, but moreso, of parents with autistic children. Parents need to manifest efforts as their teacher s are doing so the teaching methods are not limited to the walls of the school. The ability to initiate and maintain social interaction determines ability to enhance relationships between parents or caregivers and children with autism. As shown in a study made by Stephenson and Dowrick (2005), responsitivity of parents to the behavior of children is recognized as a critical element in parent-child interaction and contributes not only to communicative development, but moreso on affective and mental development. It is highly important that parents and caregivers are educated on the teaching method of their child. Knowing the communicative content and appropriate usage of the context will greatly improve their communication with their child. A survey was made comparing between parents who can identify the signs, gestures, and body movements of their children but are not able to report sufficient detail on the context of the movements and its communicative content. and parents who have aside from identifying the body signs, gestures and body movements, know the context and communicative content of these movements. Results showed that parents who can identify the context of gestures and body movements are more educative of the communication method used on their child and tend to maintain an in-depth communicative relationship with their child. The behavior of the child is more satisfying because they are aware when to use certain gestures and at what context to use for. While picture-object relations is difficult for children with autism, another research was done to identify which effective teaching method is viable for children with language and communication disability and autism. Two methods namely the error prevention procedure and error correction procedure were both tested. Results showed that error prevention based teaching gives fewer errors than error correction method. A notable feature of these studies is that learning such relations often presents a major difficulty for children with language and developmental disabilities and autism. If learning is successful, usually this is achieved only through repeated teaching of the relation over many sessions;

Competitive Advantage and Comparative Advantage Essay Example for Free

Competitive Advantage and Comparative Advantage Essay What is the difference between competitive advantage and comparative advantage? Answer: An advantage that a firm has over its competitors, that differentiates the Product or services offered by the firm and allows the firm to reduce it’s Cost or generate Higher Revenue or Margin is known as Competitive Advantage. A competitive advantage is something that a consumer views in a product or service as having higher value than the other competitors of the firm in the industry. It is an expertise that one firm has. There are many types of competitive strategy that a firm adopts so as to give a competitive advantage to the firm. E.g. Cost leadership: A firm produces the lowest cost product in the entire industry. Comparative Advantage: When one firm/country is able to produce Goods or Services at a lower Opportunity Cost over another firm/ country, it is said to have a Comparative Advantage. For E.g. if one country uses more machines and produces 10 units of each Meat and Clothes in one hour. And another country uses fewer machines and produces either 4 Meat or 6 Clothes in an hour, each country can gain from trade because their internal trade-offs between Meat and Clothes are different. The country that uses fewer machines has a Comparative advantage in producing clothes, hence it is more beneficial to produce and trade Clothes with the other country. The country that uses more machines has a comparative advantage in producing Meat, hence it is beneficial for them to produce and trade Meat with the other country.

Romeo And Juliet Scene Comparison

Romeo And Juliet Scene Comparison The renowned William Shakespeares play, Romeo and Juliet was directed into two movie versions; the traditional version of 1968 that was directed by Franco Zeffirelli and the modern version of 1996 that followed as directed by Baz Luhrman. Though both directors did their best in putting text into film, there were differences and similarities that cannot be ignored in this context. Most of them are as a result of technological innovations resulting from the difference in time of production and cultural setting of the times. In the comparison of the party scene on Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrman films, directors effects is a major factor in both films. Luhrman used exterior and interior effects to portray symbolism whereas, Zeffirelli used costumes. In terms of effects, Luhrman used explosions of fireworks, riotous color splashes, lighting and camera tricks such as the rolling storm among other outstanding visual styles. On the contrary, Zeffirelli used traditional music from the Elizabethan period, disjointed visuals and dialogue as well as music which interfere with other film effects. In a nut shell, though both directors employed the opera medium, Luhrman balanced text, music and visuals to make an operatic film; while Zeffirelli used music without integrating the text and the visuals. Zeffirelli uses counter culture to portray the intended message by Shakespeare whereas Luhrman uses the camera and the music ambience to achieve harmony. Symbolism is another directors strategy that is used to differentiate the two films. Luhrman used a fish tank as the meeting point for the protagonists in the film. This was because water emerges as a central thematic element in the film. On the other hand, Zeffirelli used drugs, violence and sex to portray the pop and the Hollywood culture in the film at its modest. Lastly under this section, soundtrack serves as another thread to differentiate the two films. In Luhrmans film, music follows the tempo of the scenes while Zeffirelli employs inter-textuality which lacks the desired lusture from the viewers. In the party scene also as shown by Luhrman, sadness is portrayed as opposed to Zeffirellis playful and happy mood in the same scene. In addition, the meeting of Romeo and Juliet in Zeffirellis version portrays light whereas; Luhrm ans scene shows the protagonists to have met in a dark bathroom. In the balcony scene, Luhrmans version shows the scene to occur on a light filled balcony though its at night. It also adds bizarre to its visuals that advocates for doubts on its accuracy and adherence to the original text written by Shakespeare. Further, the use of swords and chariots is replaced by guns and cars. Luhrman portrays the main character under the influence of drug and this is the mind that the viewer wears in order to fully participate in the film. In addition, the balcony scene is posed as the calmest scene in the film. To some extent, the characters are not well developed to portray the intended messages effectively like in the case of Romeo where he doesnt show tenderness to Juliet in some parts of this scene. Following this, the aspect of patriarchal power and how it is abused is also brought into this review. Further, outrageous costumes and riotous colors are used to show modernity, love and the youth. On the contrary, Zeffirellis film version shows the balcony scene in darkness but not in the balcony. This version is neutral and its faithful to the original texts of William Shakespeares work. The director restores its figurative language in film as well the original paraphernalia. By choosing average diction, the film can be understood by the majority. Though it has been accused of being dull and boring, it emits the original humor and observes soliloquy in character development just like Shakespeare did in his text. In most cases it portrays irony and ridicule though its not satirical. Through the selected characters of Romeo and Juliet, Zeffirelli perfectly portrays the innocence and naivety of love at teenage. Further, the manner in which Zeffirelli develops character relationships in the film is in a traditional setting. For instance, the protagonists play hide and seek game which is an old fashioned dating method. A look at Franco Zeffirellis film ascertains that, the balcony scene preserve William Shakespeares language, stylistic devices, costume and paraphernalia as they appear in the texts. Conclusively, both films are aligned towards the removal of the scene to portray the strong love and passion between Romeo and Juliet that could not be separated. They also ignore the fight between Romeo and Paris.